Empty sum

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title: "Empty sum" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["operations-on-numbers", "0-(number)"] description: "Summation where the number of terms is zero" topic_path: "general/operations-on-numbers" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empty_sum" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Summation where the number of terms is zero ::

In mathematics, an empty sum, or nullary sum, is a summation where the number of terms is zero. The natural way to extend non-empty sums is to let the empty sum be the additive identity.

Let a_1, a_2, a_3, ... be a sequence of numbers, and let :s_m = \sum_{i=1}^m a_i = a_1 + \cdots + a_m be the sum of the first m terms of the sequence. This satisfies the recurrence :s_m = s_{m-1} + a_m provided that we use the following natural convention: s_0=0. In other words, a "sum" s_1 with only one term evaluates to that one term, while a "sum" s_0 with no terms evaluates to 0. Allowing a "sum" with only 1 or 0 terms reduces the number of cases to be considered in many mathematical formulas. Such "sums" are natural starting points in induction proofs, as well as in algorithms. For these reasons, the "empty sum is zero" extension is standard practice in mathematics and computer programming (assuming the domain has a zero element). For the same reason, the empty product is taken to be the multiplicative identity.

For sums of other objects (such as vectors, matrices, polynomials), the value of an empty summation is taken to be its additive identity.

Examples

Empty linear combinations

In linear algebra, a basis of a vector space V is a linearly independent subset B such that every element of V is a linear combination of B. The empty sum convention allows the zero-dimensional vector space V={0} to have a basis, namely the empty set.

References

References

1. Harper, Robert. (2016). "Practical Foundations for Programming Languages". Cambridge University Press.
2. David M. Bloom. (1979). "Linear Algebra and Geometry".

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