Elmina

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Town in Central Region, Ghana

title: "Elmina" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["elmina", "former-portuguese-colonies", "populated-places-in-the-central-region-(ghana)"] description: "Town in Central Region, Ghana" topic_path: "general/elmina" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmina" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Town in Central Region, Ghana ::

::data[format=table title="Infobox settlement"]

FieldValue
official_nameElmina
native_name
settlement_typeTown
image_skyline{{photomontage
photo1aBenya lagoon and it surroundings located in Elmina.jpg
photo2aSt. George Castle, Elmina, Ghana.JPG
photo2bCanoes at the shore.jpg
size250
spacing3
colorwhite
borderno
color_borderwhite
imagesize300px
image_captionTop picture: Skyline of Elmina, Bottom left picture: Elmina Castle Bottom right picture: Coast of Elmina on the Gulf of Guinea
blank_emblem_size150px
etymologyElmina ("The mine")
pushpin_mapGhana#Africa
pushpin_label_positionbottom
pushpin_map_captionLocation of Elmina in Central Region, South Ghana
subdivision_typeCountry
subdivision_nameGhana
subdivision_type1Region
subdivision_name1Central Region
subdivision_type2District
subdivision_name2Komenda/Edina/Eguafo/Abirem Municipal District
government_footnotes
leader_titleMunicipal chief
leader_nameHon. Solomon Ebo Appiah
population_as_of2013
population_footnotes
population_total33,576
population_blank1_titleEthnicities
population_blank2_titleReligions
population_blank2
timezoneGMT
timezone_DSTGMT
coordinates
postal_code_typePostal district
postal_codeCK
area_code033
elevation_m10
blank_nameClimate
blank_infoAw
website
::

| official_name = Elmina | other_name = | native_name =
| nickname = | settlement_type = Town | motto = | image_skyline = {{photomontage | photo1a = Benya lagoon and it surroundings located in Elmina.jpg | photo2a = St. George Castle, Elmina, Ghana.JPG | photo2b = Canoes at the shore.jpg | size = 250 | spacing = 3 | color = white | border = no | color_border = white | imagesize = 300px | image_caption = Top picture: Skyline of Elmina, Bottom left picture: Elmina Castle Bottom right picture: Coast of Elmina on the Gulf of Guinea | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | blank_emblem_link = | blank_emblem_size = 150px | etymology = Elmina ("The mine") | pushpin_map = Ghana#Africa | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_map_caption = Location of Elmina in Central Region, South Ghana | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = Ghana | subdivision_type1 = Region | subdivision_name1 = Central Region | subdivision_type2 = District | subdivision_name2 = Komenda/Edina/Eguafo/Abirem Municipal District | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | government_footnotes = | leader_title = Municipal chief | leader_name = Hon. Solomon Ebo Appiah | area_blank1_sq_mi = | population_as_of = 2013 | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = 33,576 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_density_urban_sq_mi = | population_blank1_title = Ethnicities | population_blank1 = | population_blank2_title = Religions | population_blank2 = | population_density_blank1_sq_mi = | timezone = GMT | utc_offset = | timezone_DST = GMT | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = | postal_code_type = Postal district | postal_code = CK | area_code_type = | area_code = 033 | elevation_m = 10 | blank_name = Climate | blank_info = Aw | website = | footnotes =

Elmina (Fante: Edina) is a town and the capital of the Komenda/Edina/Eguafo/Abirem District on the south coast of Ghana in the Central Region. It is situated on a bay on the Atlantic Ocean, 12.2 km west of Cape Coast. Elmina was the first European settlement in West Africa and it has a population of 33,576 people, as of 2013. The current Municipality chief of Elmina is Solomon Ebo Appiah.

When the Portuguese, after first coming in contact with the Gold Coast, struck an agreement with the King of Elmina to build the São Jorge da Mina Castle in the 1470s, the settlement grew to become an important centre of commerce and trade in the region. Nowadays, Elmina shows strong influences from Europe in its culture and people.

Etymology

Prior to the arrival of the Portuguese, the town was originally called Anomansah ("perpetual" or "inexhaustible drink") from its position on the peninsula between the Benya lagoon and the sea. It eventually was named after the Elmina Castle, which is also called "São Jorge da Mina". The word "Elmina" simply means "the mine".

History

Main article: History of Elmina

Early settlement

Based on oral traditions, the town was founded by Kwaa Amankwaa, a hunter who was in search of food. After discovering a stream and settling there, he exchanged the word "M'enya", which means "I have found it" or "I have got it". The exact origins of Elmina, however, are conflicted. He and his people founded the village of Anomansa or Anomee near the Benya Lagoon, which later became Edina. It was part of the Eguafo kingdom until the late 16th century.

Colonization era

|Eguafo (foundation–c. 1570) |Coat of arms of Portugal (1640).svg Portuguese Gold Coast (c. 1570–1637) |Dutch West India Company Dutch Gold Coast (1637–1872) |Gold Coast (1872–1957) |Ghana (1957–present) In 1478, during the War of the Castilian Succession, a Castilian armada of 35 caravels and a Portuguese fleet fought a large naval battle near Elmina for the control of the Guinea trade (gold, slaves, ivory and melegueta pepper), the Battle of Guinea. The war ended with a Portuguese naval victory, followed by the official recognition by the Catholic Monarchs of Portuguese sovereignty over most of the West African territories in dispute embodied in the Treaty of Alcáçovas, 1479. This was the first colonial war among European powers. Many more would come.

The town grew around São Jorge da Mina Castle, built by the Portuguese Diogo de Azambuja in 1482. It was Portugal's West African headquarters for trade and exploitation of African wealth. The original Portuguese interest was gold, with 8,000 ounces shipped to Lisbon from 1487 to 1489, 22,500 ounces from 1494 to 1496, and 26,000 ounces by the start of the sixteenth century. Later, the port's trade included slaves. By 1479, the Portuguese were importing slaves from as far away as Benin, who accounted for 10 percent of the trade in Elmina, and were used to clear land for tillage. Ten to twelve thousand came through Elmina from 1500 to 1535 alone.

With Portuguese support, Edina and some neighboring villages achieved independence from Eguafo (and Fetu, which also claimed the area) by around 1570. The town was governed by local elders (known as braffoes) and the governor of the Castle.

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/AMH-7708-NA_View_of_the_fort_and_the_roadstead_at_Elmina.jpg" caption="Dutch troops on the shore who have landed are shown battling with natives to take the local fort"] ::

Elmina is also home to Fort Coenraadsburg on St. Jago Hill, built by the Portuguese in 1555 under the name Forte de Santiago; it was used for commerce. In 1637, it was conquered and renamed by the Dutch, after they captured Elmina's main castle. Today, Elmina's main economic industry is fishing, salt production and tourism. Elmina Castle is very close to Cape Coast Castle, another historic fortress notable for its role in the transatlantic slave trade.

17th Century to present

The location of Elmina made it a significant site for re-provisioning ships headed south towards the Cape of Good Hope on their way to India. After years of Portuguese commerce on the Elmina Coast, the Dutch learned of the profitable activity taking place through Barent Eriksz of Medemblik, one of the earliest traders and Guinea navigators. Ericksz learned about trading on the Elmina coast while he was a prisoner on Principe and subsequently became a major resource to the Dutch in terms of providing geographical and trading information. The Dutch West India Company captured Elmina in 1637; in subsequent centuries it was mostly used as a hub for the slave trade. The British attacked the city in 1782, but it remained in Dutch hands until 1872, when the Dutch Gold Coast was sold to the British. The king of Ashanti, claiming to be suzerain, objected to the transfer, and initiated the third Anglo-Ashanti war of 1873–1874.

Economy

Beginning in 2003, Elmina, along with foreign investors, began The Elmina Strategy 2015, a massive project to improve many aspects of the town, consisting of water drainage and waste management helping to improve the health of the citizens, repairing the fishing industry and harbour of within Elmina, tourism and economic development, improved health services, and improved educational services.

Tourism

| width = 210px | height = 200px | direction = vertical | caption_align = center | image1 = St. George Castle, Elmina, Ghana.JPG | alt1 = Inside view of Elmina Castle | caption1 = Elmina Castle | image2 = Overzicht met voorzijde, vanaf Elmina Castle - Elmina - 20374801 - RCE.jpg | alt2 = Faraway view of Fort Coenraadsburg on a hill | caption2 = Fort São Jago da Mina Tourism in the town is regulated by the Central Region Development Commission (CEDECOM), where the principle centre of tourism is the Elmina Castle. The site, along with Fort Coenraadsburg, attracts around 100,000 tourists annually, half of whom is foreign. Due to the lack of sufficient infrastructure, the development of this sector is hindered.

Fishing

Elmina is home to the Elmina Fishing Harbour, the third largest fish landing site in Ghana, beaten by the Tema and Sekondi harbours. In August 2020, a $93 million rehabilitation project began, improving the harbour's infrastructure to help with increasing demand. It was completed in May 2020.

Although fishing activities are largely artisanal, the town account for 15% of Ghana's total fish output. About 75% of the population's livelihood is reliant on fishing or related activities.

Demographics

Most of the population is religious, coming in at around 91.7% with the biggest religion being Christianity (85.3%). Of this, 28.4% are Pentecostal/Charismatic, 20.9% are other Christians, 18.2% are Catholics and 17.8% are Protestant. Christianity is followed by Islam, traditional African religions, and other religions.

Administration

Although the town itself doesn't have a mayor, the municipal does have a mayor–council form of government. The mayor (executive chief) is appointed by the president of Ghana and approved by the town council, the Komenda/Edina/Eguafo/Abirem Municipal Assembly. The current municipal chief of Elmina is Hon. Solomon Ebo Appiah.

Geography

Municipality area

Elmina is located about 12.2 km from Cape Coast. The town is located in the Komenda/Edina/Eguafo/Abirem Municipal of the Western Region, which covers a land area of 452.5 sqkm. The municipality borders the Gulf of Guinea to the south, the Cape Coast Metropolitan towards the east, the Twifo/Hemang/Lower Denkyira District to the north and the Mpohor district and the Wassa East District towards the west and northwest.

Climate

Like most of Ghana, Elmina has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen Aw) with consistently hot weather year-round. Typically for the far south of the country, there are two rainy seasons, a main one from April to June and a lesser one from September to November and two dry seasons, a typical West African dry season from December to February due to the harmattan wind, and a less typical dry season from mid-July to mid-September with less hot temperatures and abundant fog due to the northward extension of the Benguela Current.

|location = Elmina |single line = Yes |metric first = Yes |temperature colour = pastel |Jan high C = 30.8 |Feb high C = 31.4 |Mar high C = 31.8 |Apr high C = 31.5 |May high C = 30.6 |Jun high C = 28.7 |Jul high C = 27.4 |Aug high C = 26.9 |Sep high C = 27.9 |Oct high C = 29.5 |Nov high C = 30.8 |Dec high C = 30.9 |year high C = 29.9 |Jan low C = 22.7 |Feb low C = 23.5 |Mar low C = 23.8 |Apr low C = 23.8 |May low C = 23.7 |Jun low C = 23.1 |Jul low C = 22.3 |Aug low C = 21.8 |Sep low C = 22.5 |Oct low C = 22.9 |Nov low C = 22.7 |Dec low C = 22.8 |year low C = 23.0 |Jan rain mm = 25 |Feb rain mm = 36 |Mar rain mm = 84 |Apr rain mm = 103 |May rain mm = 203 |Jun rain mm = 325 |Jul rain mm = 102 |Aug rain mm = 42 |Sep rain mm = 55 |Oct rain mm = 116 |Nov rain mm = 84 |Dec rain mm = 30 |rain colour = green |source 1 = Climate-Data.org |url = https://en.climate-data.org/africa/ghana/central-region/elmina-21958/#temperature-graph | title = Climate Elmina |publisher= Climate-Data.org |year=2019 Retrieved 22 September 2019. |date=September 2019

Culture

Elmina is home to the annual Bakatue Festival, a celebration of the sea and the local fishing culture, held on the first Tuesday of July each year. Bakatue translated means "the opening of the lagoon" or the "draining of the Lagoon". It is celebrated to commemorate the founding of the town, Elmina by the Europeans. It is also celebrated to invoke the deity, Nana Benya's continuous protection of the state and its people.

The Edina Bronya Festival is an annual harvest festival celebrated by the chiefs and peoples of Elmina in the Central Region of Ghana. The festival is a novel Christmas during the Portuguese and the Dutch era of the colonial period. It is the origin the word “Bronya” in Ghanaian vocabulary. It is usually celebrated in the first Thursday of January every year.

Sister cities

The following is a list of sister cities of Elmina, designated by Sister Cities International:

  • Gouda, Netherlands (2006)
  • Macon, United States (2001)

Notable people

References

Bibliography

References

  1. (1998). "Africans in America: America's Journey Through Slavery". [[Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)]].
  2. Nartey, L.. (1 June 2022). "It won't make economic sense to import raw sugar to be refined at Komenda Sugar Factory – Vanni-Amoah". 3News.
  3. "World Gazetteer online".
  4. (2014). "2010 population & housing census (Komenda/Edina/Eguafo/Abirem Municipal)". [[Ghana Statistical Service]].
  5. "Google Maps Distance Calculator".
  6. Wilks, I.. (1997). "Mines of Silver and Gold in the Americas". Variorum, Ashgate Publishing Limited.
  7. "National Commission On Culture".
  8. Hadeler, N.. (1904). "Geschichte der holländischen Colonien auf der Goldküste, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Handels.". [[University of California]].
  9. Marees, Pieter. ''Description and Historical Account of the Gold Kingdom of Guinea''. London: The Oxford University Press, 1602. 206–22. Print.
  10. {{EB1911
  11. (14 October 2004). "Building on the past to create a better future".
  12. Koutra, C.. (2009). "Corporate Social Responsibility: An Application in Tourism Development in Ghana". [[Bournemouth University]].
  13. (2012). "Profitability of Small-Scale Fisheries in Elmina, Ghana". Sustainability.
  14. Arkoh, I.. (27 May 2023). "President Akufo-Addo commissions €84m Elmina Fishing Harbour". [[Ghana News Agency]].
  15. (2010). "A Guide to District Assemblies in Ghana". Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Ghana.
  16. Trewartha, Glenn Thomas. (1961). "The Earth's problem climates". University of Wisconsin Press.
  17. "Visit Ghana - Edina Bakatue Festival".
  18. van Ewijk, E.. (2008). "Decentralized cooperation between Dutch municipalities and municipalities in migrant countries: Main developments and main theoretical debates illustrated by several case studies". [[University of Amsterdam]].
  19. (7 June 2001). "Ghana: Investors Tour Elmina". [[Accra Daily Mail]].
  20. Allen, T.. (21 January 2020). "Big dreams by long distance". Winnipeg Free Press.
  21. Keough, Leyla J.. (2005). "Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience". [[Oxford University Press]].
  22. Isaac S. Ephson. (1971). ["Gallery of Gold Coast Celebrities, 1632–1958"]({{google books). Ilen Publications.
  23. Everts, N.. (1996). "Cherchez la Femme: Gender-Related Issues in Eighteenth-Century Elmina". Itinerario.
  24. Ten Hove, O.. (1996). "Creools-Surinaamse familienamen: De samenstelling van de Creools-Surinaamse bevolking in de negentiende eeuw". OSO. Tijdschrift voor Surinaamse Taalkunde, Letterkunde en Geschiedenis..
  25. Rambonnet, F.. (1 October 1839). "Acte van erkenning, aktenummer 3468".
  26. "Morrison, Cynthia Mamle".
  27. Jenkins, Ray G.. (1985). "Gold Coast Historians and their Pursuit of the Gold Coast Pasts: 1882-1917". University of Birmingham.

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elminaformer-portuguese-coloniespopulated-places-in-the-central-region-(ghana)