Elephas

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title: "Elephas" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["elephas", "mammal-genera", "mammal-genera-with-one-living-species", "animal-taxa-named-by-carl-linnaeus"] description: "Genus of mammals" topic_path: "general/elephas" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephas" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Genus of mammals ::

::callout[type=note] the elephant genus ::

| fossil_range = Pliocene to Present (Possible late Miocene record) | image = Elephant Sumatra ProfilG.jpg | image_caption = Sumatran elephant | taxon = Elephas | authority = Linnaeus, 1758 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = *Elephas maximus

• Elephas hysudricus
• Elephas hysudrindicus
• Elephas ekorensis?
• Elephas planifrons
• Elephas beyeri? For others, see text | synonyms = *Hypselephas
• Elephantus | type_species = Elephas maximus | type_species_authority = Linnaeus, 1758

Elephas is a genus of elephants and one of two surviving genera in the family Elephantidae, comprising one extant species, the Asian elephant (E. maximus). Several extinct species have been identified as belonging to the genus, extending back to the Pliocene or possibly the late Miocene.

Description

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Em_-Elephas_maximus-_GMZ_1.jpg" caption="Skull of ''Elephas maximus''"] ::

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Manchester_Museum_2015_001_-_Asian_elephant.jpg" caption="Skeleton of an adult male Asian elephant"] ::

Species of Elephas have distinct bossing of the parieto-occipital region of the skull. The premaxillae bones containing the tusks are tapered.

Evolutionary history

Relationships of living and extinct elephantids based on DNA, after Palkopoulou et al. 2018.{{clade|{{clade |1={{clade |1=Loxodonta (African elephants) [[File:Elephas africanus - 1700-1880 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - (white background).jpg|60 px]] |2=Palaeoloxodon (straight-tusked elephants) [[File:Palaeoloxodon namadicus-bpk (cropped).jpg|60 px]] |2={{clade |1=Elephas (Asian elephants) [[File:Indian elephant white background.jpg|60 px]] |2=Mammuthus (mammoths) [[File:Mammuthus trogontherii122DB.jpg|70 px]]

Taxonomy

The scientific name Elephas was proposed by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 who described the genus and an elephant from Ceylon. The genus is assigned to the proboscidean family Elephantidae and is made up of one living and seven extinct species:

• Elephas maximus – Asian elephant
  • Elephas maximus indicus – Indian elephant
  • Elephas maximus maximus – Sri Lankan elephant
  • Elephas maximus sumatranus – Sumatran elephant
  • Elephas maximus borneensis – Borneo elephant, proposed but not yet recognized as valid The following Asian elephants were proposed as extinct subspecies, but are now considered synonymous with the Indian elephant:
• Elephas maximus sondaicus – Javan elephant †
• Elephas maximus rubridens – Chinese elephant †
• Elephas maximus asurus – Syrian elephant †

The following Elephas species are extinct:

• Elephas beyeri? – possible dwarf elephant species described by von Königswald in 1956 from a single now lost cheek tooth found in the northern Philippines.
• Elephas ekorensis – described from the Kubi Algi Formation, Turkana, Kenya,
• Elephas hysudricus – described from fossil remains found in the Siwalik Hills of the northern Indian subcontinent by Falconer and Cautley, 1845, thought to be the ancestor of the living Asian elephant.
• Elephas hysudrindicus – a fossil elephant of the Pleistocene of Java and different from Elephas maximus sondaicus
• Elephas planifrons - one of the oldest species, known from the Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene of the Indian subcontinent.
• Elephas platycephalus a species sometimes recognised from the Pleistocene of India
• Elephas kiangnanensis a species sometimes recognised from the Early-Middle Pleistocene of China.
• Elephas nawataensis a species of elephant known from the Late Miocene-Early Pliocene of Kenya, though other authors argue that this species is actually a synonym of Primelephas korotorensis.
• Elephas atavus? known from the Early Pleistocene of Africa, traditionally considered part of Elephas/Palaeoloxodon recki While formerly assigned to this genus, Elephas recki, Elephas namadicus, the straight-tusked elephant E. antiquus and the dwarf elephants E. falconeri and E. cypriotes are now placed in the separate genus Palaeoloxodon, which is more closely related to African elephants. However, some material historically assigned to Elephas recki , such as Elephas recki atavus, may be closely related to true Elephas, rather than to Palaeoloxodon "Elephas" celebensis is now placed in Stegoloxodon.

References

References

1. {{MSW3 Proboscidea
2. (2018-01-02). "On the type material of Elephas hysudrindicus Dubois, 1908 (Mammalia, Proboscidea)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.
3. (2018). "A comprehensive genomic history of extinct and living elephants". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
4. (2001). "Phylogeography of the Asian Elephant (''Elephas maximus'') based on mitochondrial DNA". Evolution.
5. (September 2020). "Late Middle Pleistocene Elephants from Natodomeri, Kenya and the Disappearance of Elephas (Proboscidea, Mammalia) in Africa". Journal of Mammalian Evolution.
6. (June 2012). "A New Assemblage of Mid-Pliocene Proboscideans from the Woranso-Mille Area, Afar Region, Ethiopia: Taxonomic, Evolutionary, and Paleoecological Considerations". Journal of Mammalian Evolution.
7. Sanders, William J.. (March 2020). "Proboscidea from Kanapoi, Kenya". Journal of Human Evolution.
8. (2023-02-28). "What Does the "Elephant-Equus" Event Mean Today? Reflections on Mammal Dispersal Events around the Pliocene-Pleistocene Boundary and the Flexible Ambiguity of Biochronology". Quaternary.
9. H. Zhang [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kwhvt5LOFro ''Elephas recki'': the wastebasket?] 66th Symposium of Vertebrate Palaeontology and Comparative Anatomy, Manchester. (2018)
10. (September 2013). "New fossil remains of Elephas from the southern Levant: Implications for the evolutionary history of the Asian elephant". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology.
11. (May 2019). "Ecological flexibility and differential survival of Pleistocene Stegodon orientalis and Elephas maximus in mainland southeast Asia revealed by stable isotope (C, O) analysis". Quaternary Science Reviews.
12. Linnaei, C.. (1760). "Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis". Ioannes Ioachimus Langius.
13. Maglio, V.J. (1973). "Origin and evolution of the Elephantidae". ''Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia Volume 63''. American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, pp. 149
14. Fernando, P., Vidya, T.N.C., Payne, J., Stuewe, M., Davison, G., et al. (2003). [https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.0000006 ''DNA Analysis Indicates That Asian Elephants Are Native to Borneo and Are Therefore a High Priority for Conservation'']. PLoS Biol 1 (#1): e6
15. Von Königswald, G.H.R. (1956). ''Fossil mammals from the Philippines''. National Research Council of the Philippines, Manila
16. (June 2012). "A New Assemblage of Mid-Pliocene Proboscideans from the Woranso-Mille Area, Afar Region, Ethiopia: Taxonomic, Evolutionary, and Paleoecological Considerations". Journal of Mammalian Evolution.
17. Falconer, H. & Cautley, P. T. (1846). [https://books.google.com/books?id=0SE-AAAAcAAJ ''Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis, Being the Fossil Zoology of the Sewalik Hills'']. Smith, Elder & Company, London, pp. 64.
18. (September 2013). "New fossil remains of Elephas from the southern Levant: Implications for the evolutionary history of the Asian elephant". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology.
19. Hooijer, D. A. (1955). [https://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/149023 ''Fossil Proboscidea from the Malay Archipelago and the Punjab'']. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 28 (#1): 1–146.
20. (28 February 2023). "What Does the "Elephant-Equus" Event Mean Today? Reflections on Mammal Dispersal Events around the Pliocene-Pleistocene Boundary and the Flexible Ambiguity of Biochronology". Quaternary.
21. (July 2017). "An examination of feeding ecology in Pleistocene proboscideans from southern China ( Sinomastodon , Stegodon , Elephas ), by means of dental microwear texture analysis". Quaternary International.
22. Haowen Tong & M. [[Marylène Patou-Mathis. Patou-Mathis]]. (2003). Mammoth and other proboscideans in China during the Late Pleistocene. ''Deinsea'', ''9''(1), 421–428.
23. (2018-03-13). "A comprehensive genomic history of extinct and living elephants". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
24. Sanders, William J.. (2023-07-07). "Evolution and Fossil Record of African Proboscidea". CRC Press.
25. (2008-09-01). "On the validity of Stegoloxodon Kretzoi, 1950 (Mammalia: Proboscidea)". Zootaxa.

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