Dalstroy

Quality 0.50 · 1 view · Updated 2 months ago

Special directorate of the NKVD

title: "Dalstroy" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["gulag-industry", "gold-mining-companies-of-the-soviet-union", "shipping-companies-of-the-soviet-union", "russian-far-east", "nkvd"] description: "Special directorate of the NKVD" topic_path: "geography/russia" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalstroy" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Special directorate of the NKVD ::

::data[format=table title="Infobox government agency"]

FieldValue
agency_nameDalstroy
nativenameДальстро́й
sealEmblem of Dalstroy.svg
seal_captionEmblem of Dalstroy
logo_width240
logo_captionDalstroy territorial jurisdiction
formed
dissolved
agency_typeSpecial type (комбинат особого типа)
headquartersDalstroy General Directorate
Magadan, U.S.S.R.
chief1_nameEduard Berzin (1931–1937)
chief1_positionDirector
chief2_nameKarp Pavlov (1937–1939)
chief2_positionHead director
chief3_nameIvan Nikishov (1939–1948)
chief3_positionChief
chief4_nameIvan Petrenko (1948–1950)
chief4_positionChief
chief5_nameIvan Mitrakov (1950–1956)
chief5_positionChief
chief6_nameYuri Chuguyev (1956–1957)
chief6_positionChief
::

| agency_name = Dalstroy | nativename = Дальстро́й | motto = | seal = Emblem of Dalstroy.svg | seal_caption = Emblem of Dalstroy | logo = | logo_width = 240 | logo_caption = Dalstroy territorial jurisdiction | formed = | dissolved = | agency_type = Special type (комбинат особого типа) | headquarters = Dalstroy General Directorate Magadan, U.S.S.R. | coordinates = | chief1_name = Eduard Berzin (1931–1937) | chief1_position = Director | chief2_name = Karp Pavlov (1937–1939) | chief2_position = Head director | chief3_name = Ivan Nikishov (1939–1948) | chief3_position = Chief | chief4_name = Ivan Petrenko (1948–1950) | chief4_position = Chief | chief5_name = Ivan Mitrakov (1950–1956) | chief5_position = Chief | chief6_name = Yuri Chuguyev (1956–1957) | chief6_position = Chief | employees = | budget = Dalstroy (, ), also known as Far North Construction Trust, was an organization set up in 1931 in order to manage road construction and the mining of gold in the Russian Far East, including the Magadan Region, Chukotka, parts of Yakutia and parts of present-day Kamchatka Krai.

Initially it was established as General Directorate of Construction in the Far North (Главное Управление строительства Дальнего Севера) under the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Soviet Union. In 1938 it was placed under the NKVD and in 1945 it was reorganized and renamed. After the 1952 reorganization it was known as Main Directorate of Camps and Construction of the Far North.

Dalstroy oversaw the development and mining of the area. Over the years, Dalstroy created some 80 Gulag camps across the Kolyma region. As a result of a number of decisions, the total area covered by Dalstroy grew to three million square kilometers by 1951. The town of Magadan was the base for these activities.

History

Background and scope of activities

::data[format=table]

Prisoners at Dalstroy facilitiesYearNumberYearNumber
193211,100194484,716
193429,659194593,542
193536,313194673,060
193648,740194793,322
193770,4141948106,893
193890,7411949108,685
1939138,1701950153,317
1940190,3091951182,958
1941187,9761952199,726
1942177,7751953175,078
1943107,775
Figures for 1 January for each year.
Figure for 1932 for December
::

The main purpose of Dalstroy as an organization was to obtain benefits for the state from little-known and little-explored territories of Northeast Siberia. Expeditions were financed by the USSR in order to explore the region as early as 1928. The First Kolyma Expedition in 1928 led by geologist Yuri Bilibin and the Second Kolyma Expedition in 1931–1932, organized by Bilibin and led by Valentin Tsaregradsky resulted in the discovery of gold deposits in Northeast Siberia. From then onward, emphasis was laid in ambitious mining operations to obtain the maximum amount of gold and other strategically important minerals.

Dalstroy authorities chose civilians employed as labor force, but faced with the harsh climate, with long winters and extremely low temperatures, working conditions were brutal from the onset. After the organization was placed under the NKVD in 1938, prisoners from various forced labor camps (ITL - Исправительно-трудовой лагерь) of the USSR were used as miners, as well as for the building of the infrastructure that the region lacked. Development of the area included industrial, railway, airfield, harbor and road construction, as well as providing the administrative and urban structure for a territory which previously had had no roads and no cities.

The Okhotsk Sea shore of the Kolyma region was sparsely inhabited by Evens. Since the area was chosen as a harbor for future operations, a plan for the establishment of an East Even Cultural Base (Восточно-Эвенская культбаза) was carried out. After surveying the area in 1928, the spot of the base was chosen by Karl Luks at a certain location in Nagaev Bay. Construction began in 1929 in order to settle and re-educate the local population and to educate the younger generation in line with the Soviet Cultural Revolution. Among the structures built, there were three residential buildings, a school, a veterinary station, a hospital, a bathhouse and a boarding school. By the end of the year there were 75 residents. However, there was resistance from the part of the native population to the system of cooperatives, district committees and to have their children educated at the school of the cultural base. In the first academic year 1929/1930, only 17 students enrolled at the school and even though the number of students rose to 44 in the following year, the base was wrapped up owing to low efficiency. However, the village of Nagaevo grew around the base and the Kamchatka Joint-Stock Company (AKO) erected a building. More ships entered the harbor and the area continued developing, paving the way for modern Magadan. Some of the East Even Cultural Base buildings survived well into the 1980s.

Evolution over time

The administration of Dalstroy grew increasingly complex over the years, not only as a result of various geographical centers but also with the establishment of separate units to provide geological surveying, motorized transport, management of secondary economies, road administration, steamship navigation on the River Koyma, and port and terminal management. Историческая хроника Магаданской области: События и факты, (Historical Chronicle of the Magadan Region) 1917–1972, Magadan, 1975

In his book Red Arctic, John McCannon explains how Dalstroy initially relied on Glavsevmorput or GUSMP (Russian acronym for Main Administration of the Northern Sea Route, a Soviet agency for exploiting resources across the far north) for coordination of supplies and transport. Glavsevmorput managed railway traffic to Vladivostok and shipping from there to Magadan. Over the years, however, as Dalstroy grew more powerful, its director Eduard Berzin obtained ships of his own so as to have more freedom of action. By 1938 Glavsevmorput had lost much of its political support, leaving Dalstroy firmly in control.

In November 1948, under pressure from the Ministry of Non-Ferrous Metallurgy, Dalstroy played a pioneering role in the reform of the Soviet forced labour system. After it introduced a wage for prisoners and other measures to stimulate productivity, it became fully self-financing. This led to the Dalstroy pilot model quickly spreading throughout the country. The Volga–Don Canal was among the first projects to emulate its approach.

Transport

Shipping

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/NKVD_Дальстрой_2.jpg" caption="Dalstroy Fleet flag.Established by Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR for Dalstroy ships and onshore facilities."] ::

An account of the many ships used over the years to transport prisoners across the Sea of Okhotsk to Magadan as well as to the Arctic port of Ambarchik is given by Martin Bollinger in his book Stalin's Slave Ships.

  • SS * Yagoda*, later renamed

In addition, several ships of the Far East State Sea Shipping Company were used at times to transport prisoners to various locations operated by Dalstroy. Examples include SS Nevastroi, SS Dneprostroi, SS Shaturstroi, SS Syasstroi, SS KIM, and SS Kiev.

Aviation

Air service in Dalstroy administered territories began in 1932. By 1946 Dalstroy had an air transport branch, Dalstroy Aviation (1946–1957), under the Dalstroy Air Transport Directorate. The aircraft flown by the airline included Polikarpov Po-2, Lisunov Li-2, Douglas C-47, Polikarpov P-5, Yakovlev Yak-12, Kawasaki Ki-56 and Antonov An-2, as well as Beriev MP-1 flying boats.

Leadership

In the words of prisoner Ayyub Baghirov, "The entire administration of the Dalstroy – economic, administrative, physical and political – was in the hands of one person who was invested with many rights and privileges."

The officials in charge of Dalstroy were:

Disbanding

After Joseph Stalin's death in 1953, the reorganization of the Dalstroy basically split its functions into three parts. The administration of labor camps was reorganized into USVITL (North-East Corrective Labor-Force Administration) of Gulag. The administration of the territory and local Communist Party of the Soviet Union apparatus were subordinated to the newly created Magadan Oblast and other adjacent territorial subdivisions. Dalstroy remained a purely economic enterprise.

Footnotes

References

References

  1. Also romanized ''Dalstroi''.
  2. {{langx. ru. Гла́вное управле́ние строи́тельства Да́льнего Се́вера; acronym: {{lang. ru. ГУСДС.
  3. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170124125443/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP80T00246A031900030001-4.pdf Kolyma region - Central Intelligence Agency]
  4. {{langx. ru. ГУ лагерей и строительства Дальнего Севера.
  5. {{in lang. ru [http://www.kolyma.ru/magadan/history/dalstroi.shtml Dalstroy prisoners] {{webarchive. link. (December 9, 2006)
  6. [http://geoman.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000095/st052.shtml Essays on the History of Geographical Discoveries] {{in lang. ru
  7. [http://www.memorial.krsk.ru/Articles/2002Shirokov.htm A.I. Shirokov. The history of the formation and activities of Dalstroy in 1931-41] {{Webarchive. link. (2013-05-27 {{in lang). ru
  8. [http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Акт_о_выборе_площади_для_месторасположения_Восточно-Эвенской_(Нагаевской)_культурной_базы Акт о выборе площади для месторасположения Восточно-Эвенской (Нагаевской) культурной базы (1929 г.)] {{in lang. ru
  9. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170509075932/http://www.magadangorod.ru/engine/print.php?newsid=240 Magadan - History of the development and formation of the city]
  10. Lewin, Moshe. (2016). "The Soviet Century". [[Verso Books.
  11. Established by Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR for Dalstroy ships and onshore facilities.
  12. 0-275-98100-2
  13. [https://asn.flightsafety.org/database/operators/10723 ASN - Dalstroi Aviation]
  14. М. V. Tretyakov. ''The Development of Air Transport in Dalstroy in 1932–1957'', in Вестник Университета Дмитрия Пожарского. 2016, No1(3). p. 192-209{{in lang. ru
  15. [http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai141_folder/141_articles/141_kolyma.html Ayyub Baghirov – The Bitter Days of Kolyma from Azerbaijan International, Spring 2006]. Retrieved 6 February 2007
  16. [http://generals.dk/general/Petrenko/Ivan_Grigorevich/Soviet_Union.html Petrenko Ivan Grigorevich, Major-General, (1904–1950) (NKVD]), Biography from the General.dk site. Retrieved 14 February 2007.
  17. [http://www.kolyma.ru/magadan/history/dalstroi.shtml {{in lang. ru История Дальстроя (History of Dalstroy) from the kolyma.ru website] {{webarchive. link. (December 9, 2006 . Retrieved 14 February 2007.)

::callout[type=info title="Wikipedia Source"] This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page. ::

gulag-industrygold-mining-companies-of-the-soviet-unionshipping-companies-of-the-soviet-unionrussian-far-eastnkvd