Cymbidium

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Genus of flowering plants in the orchid family Orchidaceae

title: "Cymbidium" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["cymbidium", "cymbidiinae-genera", "epiphytic-orchids", "taxa-named-by-olof-swartz"] description: "Genus of flowering plants in the orchid family Orchidaceae" topic_path: "general/cymbidium" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymbidium" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Genus of flowering plants in the orchid family Orchidaceae ::

| name = Boat orchids | image = Cymbidium iridioides-1-bsi-yercaud-salem-India.jpg | image_caption = Cymbidium iridioides | display_parents = 3 | taxon = Cymbidium | authority = Swartz | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = See text. | synonyms_ref = | synonyms =

Cymbidium , commonly known as boat orchids, is a genus of evergreen flowering plants in the orchid family Orchidaceae. Orchids in this genus are epiphytic, lithophytic, terrestrial or rarely leafless saprophytic herbs usually with pseudobulbs. There are usually between three and twelve leaves arranged in two ranks on each pseudobulb or shoot and lasting for several years. From one to a large number of flowers are arranged on an unbranched flowering stem arising from the base of the pseudobulb. The sepals and petals are all free from and similar to each other. The labellum is significantly different from the other petals and the sepals and has three lobes. There are about fifty-five species and sixteen further natural hybrids occurring in the wild from tropical and subtropical Asia to Australia. Cymbidiums are well known in horticulture and many cultivars have been developed. The genome of Cymbidium mannii has been sequenced to study epiphytism and crassulacean acid metabolism.

Description

Plants in the genus Cymbidium are epiphytic, lithophytic or terrestrial plants, or rarely leafless saprophytes. All are sympodial evergreen herbs. Some species have thin stems but in most species the stems are modified as pseudobulbs. When present, there are from three to twelve leaves arrange in two ranks and last for several years. The leaf bases remain after the leaf has withered, forming a sheath around the pseudobulb. The flowers are arranged on an unbranched flowering stem which arises from the base of the pseudobulb or rarely from a leaf axil. The sepals and petals are usually thin and fleshy, free from, and more or less similar to each other. The labellum (as in other orchids, a highly modified third petal) is significantly different from the other petals and sepals. It is sometimes hinged to the column, or otherwise fused to it. The labellum has three lobes, the side lobes erect, sometimes surrounding the column and the middle lobe often curving downwards. After pollination a glabrous capsule containing many light coloured seeds is produced. ::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Cymbidium_aloifolium_(labelled).jpg" caption="Labelled image of ''[[Cymbidium aloifolium]]''"] ::

Taxonomy and naming

The genus Cymbidium was first formally described in 1799 by Olof Swartz who published the description in Nova acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis. The genus name Cymbidium means 'little boat-shape', referring to the labellum.

In 1848 Blume raised the genus Cyperorchis in Fedde's Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis and moved 19 species and 26 hybrids previously included in Cymbidium to the new genus. In 1984 Christopher Seth and Phillip Cribb divided the genus into three subgenera Cyperorchis, Jensoa, and Cymbidium and each subgenus into sections. In 1988, Dupuy and Cribb modified the sections. The three subgenera were confirmed by molecular phylogeny, however the sections did not show monophyly.

Species

The following is a list of Cymbidium species accepted by Plants of the World Online as of April 2022 separated into subgenera:

Subgenus Cymbidium

Plants in this subgenus have two pollinia, each deeply cleft with callus ridges

::data[format=table]

SectionImageNameDistributionElevation (m)Section CymbidiumSection Austrocymbidium Schltr. 1924Section Himantophyllum Schltr. 1924Section Floribundum Seth & Cribb 1984Section *Bigibbarium * Schltr. 1924Section *Repens *
[[File:Cymbidium aloifolium.jpg120px]]Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw. 1799Guangdong, Hong Kong, China; Bangladesh; eastern Himalayas; Assam. India and Andaman Islands; Nepal; Sri Lanka; Myanmar; Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam; Malaysia; Java and Sumatra0 - 1500 m
[[File:Cymbidium atropurpurea (2944479728).jpg120px]]Cymbidium atropurpureum (Lindl.) Rolfe 1903Thailand, Central Malaysia, Vietnam, Borneo, Sumatra and the Philippines1630 m
[[File:硬葉蘭 Cymbidium bicolor -香港嘉道理農場 Kadoorie Farm, Hong Kong- (9261991972).jpg120px]]Cymbidium bicolor Lindl. 1833Southern China, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Sulawesi, Java, Sumatra and the Philippines800-1100 m
Cymbidium crassifolium Herb. 1838Assam, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China South-Central, China Southeast, East Himalaya, Hainan, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam100 - 1600 m
[[File:Plant Orchid Cymbidium finlaysonium P1110626 01.jpg120px]]Cymbidium finlaysonianum Wall. ex Lindl. 1833Indo-China to Malaysia (Malaya, Sumatra) and on to the Philippines0 - 1200 m
Cymbidium puerense Z.J.Liu & S.R.Lan 2018China (Yunnan)1000 - 2000 m
Cymbidium rectum Ridl. 1920S. Thailand, Malaysia, N. Borneo(Sabah)450 - 800 m
[[File:Cymbidium canaliculatum var. sparkesii (6475017029).jpg120px]]Cymbidium canaliculatum R.Br. 1810N. & E. Australia5-900 m
[[File:Cymbidium chloranthum fma. alba (Palawan, Philippines) Lindl., Edwards's Bot. Reg. 29(Misc.)- 68 (1843) (35834923066).jpg120px]]Cymbidium chloranthum Lindl. 1843Taiwan, Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo and Java300 - 1500 m
[[File:Cymbidium madidum2.jpg120px]]Cymbidium madidum Lindl. 1840eastern Australia0-1300 m
[[File:Cymbidium suave (6475018163).jpg120px]]Cymbidium suave R.Br. 1810E. Australia0-1350 m
[[File:Cymbidium dayanum1.jpg120px]]Cymbidium dayanum Rchb.f 1869Assam, India; eastern Himalayas; Sikkim; Thailand; Cambodia; Taiwan, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan, China; Vietnam; Borneo; Malaysia; the Philippines; Sulawesi; Sumatra; Ryukyu Islands and Japan300 - 1600 m
Cymbidium lii M.Z.Huang, J.M.Yin & G.S.Yang 2017Hainan China800–1000 m
Cymbidium viride Sanjeet Kumar 2020Assam (Manipur)616 m
Cymbidium dianlan H.He 2019Yunnan1200–1400 m
Cymbidium elongatum J.J. Wood, Du Puy & Shim 1988Borneo(Sarawak and Sabah)1200 - 2300 m
[[File:Cymbidium-floribundum.jpg120px]]Cymbidium floribundum (Rolfe) Y.S. Wu & S.C. Chen 1980Yunnan China, Taiwan, and Vietnam400 - 3300 m
[[File:Cymbidium hartinahianum (Anggrek Tien Soeharto) (cropped).jpg120px]]Cymbidium hartinahianum J.B.Comber & Nasution 1978N. Sumatra1700 to 2700 m
Cymbidium suavissimum Sander ex C.H.Curtis 1928Myanmar, Guizhou and Yunnan China and Vietnam700 to 1100 m
Cymbidium viride Kumar 2018Assam616-768 m
[[File:A and B Larsen orchids - Cymbidium devonianum DSCN8787.JPG120px]]Cymbidium devonianum Paxton 1843Assam and Meghalaya India, China(Yunnan), Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam1450 - 2200 m
Cymbidium repens Aver. & Q.T.Phan 2016Hoa Binh, Vietnam400–600 m
::

Subgenus Cyperorchis

Plants in subgenus Cyberorchis have lips fused at the base to the base of the column. ::data[format=table]

SectionImageNameDistributionElevation (m)Section Annamaea Hunt 1970Section Cyperorchis Hunt 1970Section Eburnea(Bl.)Seth & Cribb 1984Section Iridorchis (Bl.)Hunt 1970Section Parishiella (Bl.)Hunt 1970
[[File:Cymbidium erythrostylum Orchi 028.jpg120px]]Cymbidium erythrostylum Rolfe 1905Vietnam1500 m
Cymbidium wenshanense Y.S.Wu & F.Y.Liu 1990Yunnan, China and northern Vietnam1000 - 1500 m
Cymbidium codonanthum Yuting Jiang, Liang Ma & S.Chen 2020Yunnan, China1600-1800 m
Cymbidium cochleare Lindl. 1858Taiwan; Assam, Sikkim, India; Bhutan; Myanmar300 - 1600 m
[[File:莎草蘭 Cymbidium elegans -昆明金殿植物園 Kunming YuanLin Botanic Gardens, China- (9213322721).jpg120px]]Cymbidium elegans Lindl. 1828Yunnan, Xizang, China; Assam, India, eastern Himalayas, Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim, and Myanmar.1500-2500 m
Cymbidium sigmoideum J.J.Sm. 1907Malaysia, Borneo, Java and Sumatra800-1700 m
Cymbidium whiteae King & Pantl. 1898India (Sikkim)1500-2000 m
Cymbidium banaense Gagnep. 1951Vietnam1400 m
Cymbidium changningense Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen 2005Yunnan, China1700 m
last=LIUfirst=Zhong-Jiantitle=Notes on some taxa of Cymbidium sect. Eburneajournal=Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinicapublisher=China Science Publishing & Media Ltd.volume=44issue=2year=2006issn=0529-1526
Cymbidium daweishanense G.Q.Zhang & Z.J.Liu 2018Yunnan, China1200–1400 m
[[File:Cymbidium eburneum var. longzhouense Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 44 179 (2006) (49750191441).jpg120px]]Cymbidium eburneum Lindl. 1847Assam India, eastern Himalayas, Nepal, Myanmar, Yunnan China and Vietnam300-2000 m
Cymbidium mastersii Griff. ex Lindl. 1845Assam India, Bhutan, Myanmar, northern Thailand and China900-2400 m
Cymbidium jiangchengense Ying L.Peng, S.R.Lan & Z.J.Liu 2019Yunnan, China1200-1400 m
Cymbidium maguanense F.Y.Liu 1996Southeastern Yunnan, China1000-1800 m
Cymbidium parishii Rchb. f. 1874Myanmar1500-1650 m
Cymbidium roseum J.J.Sm. 1905Malayasian peninsula, Java and Sumatra1450 - 2400 m
Cymbidium wadae T.Yukawa 2002Thailand
Cymbidium weishanense X.Yu & Z.J.Liu 2021China (Yunnan)800 m
[[File:Cymbidium erythraeum Orchi 014.jpg120px]]Cymbidium erythraeum Lindl. 1859Kumaon, Sikkim, and Assam states of India; Nepal; Bhutan; Myanmar; Yunnan, Sichuan, and Xizang China; and Vietnam1000-2800 m
Cymbidium gaoligongense Z.J.Liu & J.Yong Zhang 2003Yunnan, China1500 m
[[File:Cymbidium hookerianum 2.jpg120px]]Cymbidium hookerianum Rchb.f.Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim & Assam India, and Xizang China1500 - 2600 m
[[File:Cymbidium insigne 6zz.jpg120px]]Cymbidium insigne Rolfe 1904Thailand, Vietnam and Hainan China1000-2600 m
[[File:Cymbidium iridioides.jpg120px]]Cymbidium iridioides D. Don 1825Xizang, Guizhou, Sichuan, and Yunnan provinces of China; Kumaon, Assam, Sikkim, and Meghalaya states of India; Bhutan; Nepal; Myanmar; and Vietnam900-2800 m
[[File:Flickr - brewbooks - i110405 051.jpg120px]]Cymbidium lowianum (Rchb. f.) Rchb. f. 1879Burma, Thailand, Yunnan China and Vietnam1300-2200 m
Cymbidium motuoense W.Q.Hu, Qinghai Zhang & Z.J.Liu 2021China (SE Tibet)2760 m
Cymbidium sanderae Sander ex Rolfe 1904Vietnam1400-1500 m
Cymbidium seidenfadenii (P.J.Cribb & Du Puy) P.J.Cribb 2014Thailand1000-2600 m
Cymbidium schroederi Rolfe 1905Yunnan China, Vietnam1350-1700 m
Cymbidium sichuanicum Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen 2006Sichuan, China1200 - 1600 m
[[File:Cymbidium tracyanum 001 GotBot 2016.jpg120px]]Cymbidium tracyanum Rolfe 1890China, Thailand and Myanmar1200-1900 m
Cymbidium wilsonii (Rolfe ex De Cock) Rolfe 1904Southern Yunnan, China and Vietnammft}} --
[[File:斑舌蘭 Cymbidium tigrinum -比利時國家植物園 Belgium National Botanic Garden- (9255190958).jpg120px]]Cymbidium tigrinum Parish ex Hook. f. 1864West Yunnan China, Myanmar and Assam India1000-2700 m
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Subgenus Jensoa

Plants in this subgenus have four pollinia, in two unequal pairs; lips attached to the base of the column, ::data[format=table]

SectionImageNameDistributionElevation (m)Section Axillaria Du Puy & Cribb 1988Section Borneense Du Puy & Cribb 1988Section Geocymbidium Schltr. 1924Section Jensoa Du Puy & Cribb 1988Section Nanula Du Puy & Cribb 1988Section Pachyrhizanthe Schltr. 1924
Cymbidium cyperifolium Lindl. 1833Nepal, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, the Philippines, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Guizhou, and Yunnan China600 - 1650 m
Cymbidium shidianense G.Z.Chen, G.Q.Zhang & L.J.Chen 2019China (Yunnan)1200 m
[[File:Cymbidium aliciae Quisumb., Philipp. J. Sci. 72 486 (1940) (30964049178).jpg120px]]Cymbidium aliciae Quisumb 1940Sulawesi and the Philippines (Luzon, Negro Islands and Nueva Vazcaya)300 - 2750 m
Cymbidium borneense J.J. Wood 1983Borneo(Sarawak and Sabah)100 - 1300 m
Cymbidium biflorens D.Y.Zhang, S.R.Lan & Z.J.Liu 2020Yunnan China
[[File:Cymbidium lancifolium var. aspidistrifolium (Fukuy.) S.S.Ying, Coloured Ill. Indig. Orchids Taiwan 1(2) 439 (1977). (50820511723).jpg120px]]Cymbidium lancifolium Hook. 1823Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim, China, Korea, Japan, Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Borneo, Java Moluccas, Sulawesi, Sumatra and New Guinea200 - 2300 m
Cymbidium recurvatum Z.J.Liu, S.C.Chen & P.J.Cribb 2009Yunnan China1700 m
Cymbidium acuminatum M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones 1996New Guinea450 - 1300 m
Cymbidium defoliatum Y.S.Wu & S.C.Chen 1991Fujian, Guizhou, Yunnan and Sichuan provinces of China1000 - 1100 m
[[File:四季桃嬌 Cymbidium ensifolium 'Peach Charm' -香港沙田國蘭展 Shatin Orchid Show, Hong Kong- (12167965154).jpg120px]]Cymbidium ensifolium [L]Swartz 1799Japan, China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Hong Kong to Sumatra and Java0 - 1500 m
Cymbidium formosanum Hayata 1911Taiwan
[[File:春蘭朵香黄花 Cymbidium goeringii v forrestii 'Yellow' -香港沙田國蘭展 Shatin Orchid Show, Hong Kong- (12317104044).jpg120px]]Cymbidium goeringii [Rchb.f]Rchb.f 1864India, Bhutan, China, Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands, Japan and Korea300-3000 m
[[File:Cymbidium haematodes '-200201' Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. 162 (1833) (50004675837).jpg120px]]Cymbidium haematodes Lindl. 1833Hainan and Yunnan provinces of China, India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Laos, Indonesia and New Guinea500-1900 m
Cymbidium induratifolium Z.J.Liu & J.N.Zhang 1998Vietnam
[[File:寒蘭武夷山蘭 Cymbidium kanran 'Wu-Yi-Shan' -香港沙田國蘭展 Shatin Orchid Show, Hong Kong- (12304130513).jpg120px]]Cymbidium kanran Makino 1902Taiwan, Guangdong, Gunagxi, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, and Hainan Island provinces of China; Honshu and the Ryukyu Islands, Japan; and South Korea400-2500 m
Cymbidium longipes Z.J.Liu & J.N.Zhang 1998Vietnam
Cymbidium micranthum Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen 2004Yunnan, China1500 m
Cymbidium munronianum King & Pantl. 1895Assam India
Cymbidium omeiense Y.S.Wu & S.C.Chen 1966Sichuan China
Cymbidium qiubeiense K.M.Feng & H.Li 1980Yunnan and Guangxi provinces of China700 - 1800 m
[[File:Cymbidium sinense 'Yamagawa Hosai' (Andrews) Willd.- Sp. Pl.- ed. 4- 4- 111 (1805). 20220206 222353.jpg120px]]Cymbidium sinense (Andrews) Willd.1805Guangdong, Hainan，Taiwan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Southern Sichuan, Guizhou, and Yunnan provinces of China and Northern Vietnam.0 - 2000 m
Cymbidium tamphianum Aver. 2018Lam Dong, Vietnam1600 m
Cymbidium sangii Aver. & V.C.Nguyen 2023Lam Dong, Vietnam800–900 m
Cymbidium xichouense Xin Y.Xu, C.C.Ding & S.R.LanYunnan China1400 m
Cymbidium atrolabium X.Y.Liao, S.R.Lan & Z.J.Liy 2019Yunnan China2300 m
Cymbidium brevifolium Z.Zhou, S.R.Lan & Z.J.Liu 2020Hubei China2300 m
[[File:綠蕙 Cymbidium faberi -香港沙田洋蘭展 Shatin Orchid Show, Hong Kong- (16945121795).jpg120px]]Cymbidium faberi Rolfe 1896Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang provinces of China; Taiwan;700-3000 m
[[File:珍珠矮 Cymbidium nanulum -香港青松觀蘭花展 Tuen Mun, Hong Kong- (9252405607).jpg120px]]Cymbidium nanulum Y.S.Wu & S.C.Chen 2017Yunnan, Guizhou, Hainan provinces of China
Cymbidium purpureisepalum M.J.Zhu & S.R.Lan 2022Yunnan China1200 m
[[File:Cymbidium goeringii s2.jpg120px]]Cymbidium serratum Schltr. 1919Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan provinces of China; Taiwan1000-3000 m
Cymbidium ledinhhienii Aver., Vuong et V.C. Nguyen 2024Vietnam (Dak Lak)300-400 m
Cymbidium sungwookii Aver., Vuong et V.C. Nguyen 2024Vietnam (Binh Dinh)500-600 m
Cymbidium teretipetiolatum Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen 2002Yunnan China1000 m
[[File:Cymbidium tortisepalum 菅草蘭 (33355964721).jpg120px]]Cymbidium tortisepalum Fukuy. 1934Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan provinces of China; Taiwan800-2500 m
[[File:Mayaran.jpg120px]]Cymbidium macrorhizon Lindl. 1833Pakistan, the Chinese Himalayas, Assam, the eastern Himalayas, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Taiwan, the Ryukyu Islands and Korea700-1500 m
Cymbidium hengbungense A.N. Rao, K. Chowlu, H.B. Sharma, K.S. Thithila & D.S. Thokchom 2016India (Manipur)1200 m
::

Natural Hybrids

Distribution

This genus is distributed in tropical and subtropical Asia (such as northern India, China, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Borneo) and Australia. The large flowering species from which the large flowering hybrids are derived usually grow at low altitudes, while short leaved species, from which compact hybrids with small to medium size flowers are derived, are high altitudes lithophytes and epiphytes.

Uses

Use in horticulture

Cymbidium (abbreviated Cym. in the horticultural trade) orchids are among the oldest horticultural orchids in the world and were mentioned in a manuscript from the Jin dynasty from about 200s CE and by Confucius. Today they are among the most popular orchid genera in cultivation. They have decorative flowers spikes and are one of the least demanding indoor orchids. To flower well they need a distinct difference between day and night temperatures in late summer. Plants need to remain outside in autumn until night temperatures drop to near 0 C.

Cymbidiums have few pests or diseases but can be affected by aphids, spider mites and viral diseases.

Use in cooking

The species Cymbidium hookerianum is considered a delicacy in Bhutan, where it is traditionally cooked in a spicy curry or stew and called "olatshe" or "olachoto".

References

References

  1. "''Cymbidium''". Plants of the World Online.
  2. ''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607
  3. (2023-09-11). "High-quality ''Cymbidium mannii'' genome and multifaceted regulation of crassulacean acid metabolism in epiphytes". Plant Communications.
  4. (2006). "A complete guide to native orchids of Australia including the island territories". New Holland.
  5. "''Cymbidium''". Flora of China.
  6. Jones D.L.. (2006). "''Cymbidium''". Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), [[Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation]] (CSIRO), [[Australian Government]].
  7. (1799). "Nova acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis".
  8. (2019). "Western Australian Plant Names and Their Meanings". Four Gables Press.
  9. (1848). "Repertorium specierum novarum regni vegetabilis".
  10. (2021-07-06). "Molecular Phylogeny and Character Evolution of ''Cymbidium'' (Orchidaceae)". Bulletin of the National Science Museum. Series B, Botany.
  11. (2021). "Phylogenetic incongruence in ''Cymbidium'' orchids". Elsevier BV.
  12. "''Cymbidium''". Plants of the World Online.
  13. (2017-07-25). "An unusual new epiphytic species of Cymbidium (Orchidaceae: Epidedroideae) from Hainan, China". Magnolia Press.
  14. (2016-12-01). "New Species of Orchids (Orchidaceae) in the Flora of Vietnam". Taiwania.
  15. LIU, Zhong-Jian. (2006). "Notes on some taxa of Cymbidium sect. Eburnea". China Science Publishing & Media Ltd..
  16. "''Cymbidium suave''". PlantNET - NSW Flora Online.
  17. (1988). "The Genus Cymbidium". Christopher Helm.
  18. Alphabetical List of Standard Abbreviations for Natural and Hybrid Generic Names, Royal Horticultural Society, 2017 https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/plant-registration-forms/orchid-name-abbreviations-list.pdf
  19. (13 August 2005). "Cymdidium orchids". Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
  20. "Cymbidium orchid". Royal Horticultural Society.
  21. "''Cymbidium'' (group)". Missouri Botanical Garden.
  22. "Theresearch project on edible wild plants of Bhutan and their associated traditional knowledge". Shinshu University, Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture.

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