Contestado War

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Guerrilla war between settlers and landowners in Brazil (1912–1916)

title: "Contestado War" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["first-brazilian-republic", "rebellions-in-brazil", "civil-wars-involving-the-states-and-peoples-of-south-america", "conflicts-in-1912", "conflicts-in-1913", "conflicts-in-1914", "conflicts-in-1915", "conflicts-in-1916", "wars-involving-brazil", "rebellions-in-south-america", "guerrilla-wars"] description: "Guerrilla war between settlers and landowners in Brazil (1912–1916)" topic_path: "geography/brazil" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contestado_War" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Guerrilla war between settlers and landowners in Brazil (1912–1916) ::

::data[format=table title="Infobox military conflict"]

Field	Value
image	Aviação na Guerra do Contestado.jpg
image_size	300px
caption	Aviation of the Brazilian Army in the Contestado War, in 1915.
conflict	Contestado War
date	October 1912 – August 1916
place	Santa Catarina and Paraná, Brazil
result	Government victory
combatant1	Bandeira do Contestado.svg Rebels
combatant2	{{plainlist
* {{flag	First Brazilian Republic
commander1	{{plainlist
* {{interlanguage link	Maria Rosa (Contestado)
commander2	{{plainlist
* {{interlanguage link	Setembrino de Carvalho
strength1	10,000 rebels
strength2	7,000 Army soldiers
1,000 local police
1,000 civil militiamen
3 aircraft
casualties1	5,000–8,000 dead, wounded or disappeared
casualties2	800–1,000 dead, wounded or disappeared
casualties3	Total deaths including civillians between 10,000-20,000
::

| image = Aviação na Guerra do Contestado.jpg | image_size = 300px | caption = Aviation of the Brazilian Army in the Contestado War, in 1915. | conflict = Contestado War | date = October 1912 – August 1916 | place = Santa Catarina and Paraná, Brazil | result = Government victory | combatant1 = Bandeira do Contestado.svg Rebels | combatant2 = {{plainlist |

First Brazilian Republic
Brazilian Army
Bandeira estadual do Paraná 1905.svg Paraná
Police | commander1 = {{plainlist |
Bandeira do Contestado.svg José Maria
Bandeira do Contestado.svg
Bandeira do Contestado.svg Adeodato | commander2 = {{plainlist |
Brazil Hermes da Fonseca
Brazil Carlos de Mesquita
Brazil
Brazil Francisco Estillac
Brazil Tertuliano Potiguara
Bandeira estadual do Paraná 1905.svg João Gualberto | strength1 = 10,000 rebels | strength2 = 7,000 Army soldiers 1,000 local police 1,000 civil militiamen 3 aircraft | casualties1 = 5,000–8,000 dead, wounded or disappeared | casualties2 = 800–1,000 dead, wounded or disappeared | casualties3 = Total deaths including civillians between 10,000-20,000 The Contestado War (), broadly speaking, was a guerrilla war for land between settlers and landowners, the latter supported by the Brazilian state's police and military forces, that lasted from October 1912 to August 1916.

It was fought in an inland southern region of the country, rich in wood and yerba mate, that was called Contestado because it was contested by the states of Paraná and Santa Catarina as well as Argentina. The war had its casus belli in the social conflicts in the region, the result of local disobediences, particularly regarding the regularization of land ownership on the part of the caboclos. The conflict was permeated by religious fanaticism expressed by the messianism and faith of the rebellious caboclos that they were engaged in a religious war; at the same time, it reflected the dissatisfaction of the population with its material situation.

Background

Status of monks

The Contestado War is often considered to have many roots in the influence of three monks of the region. The first who rose to prominence was João Maria D'Agostini, a man of Italian origin, who wandered, preaching and attending to the sick, from 1844 to 1870. He lived a very simple life, and his ethics and lifestyle attracted thousands of followers. Although many sources say he died in 1870, he actually left Brazil in 1852; after traveling in Mexico, Cuba, and Canada, he was killed in April, 1869; in Mesilla, New Mexico, USA.

The second monk also adopted the alias of João Maria, although his real name was Atanás Marcaf, probably of Syrian origin. He appeared to the public during the Federalist Revolution of 1893; where he belonged to the Maragato faction, and projected a firm and even messianic stature. He even made prophecies about the political events of his time. He was active in the region between the Iguaçu and Uruguay rivers. In addition to his religious activities, he would also gain a reputation as a healer before disappearing from the region in 1908.

In 1912, A third monk came to the notice of the public in the region. He was initially known as an herbal healer, having presented himself under the name of José Maria de Santo Agostinho. However, according to a report of the police of Vila de Palmas, Paraná state, he was, in reality, an army deserter who had been convicted of rape, by the name of Miguel Lucena de Boaventura.

Due in part to his claimed association with the regionally known figure of João Maria, the anonymity of his past, and his conduct as a herbal healer, José Maria soon became a respected and influential figure in the region. He would soon amass a religious following from the locals, and it would be claimed he performed a number of miracles, one of the most prominent being the claimed resurrection of another individual. He was also said to have cured the colonel Francisco de Almeida's wife of a previously uncurable illness. After this event the monk won even more fame and trust by declining the land and significant quantity of gold that the grateful colonel offered him.

From this point on, José Maria began to be considered a saint: a man who had come to Earth only to heal the sick and aid the needy. Methodical and organized, he was quite different from the familiar healers. He knew how to read and write and he described in his notebooks the medical properties of the plants found in the region. With the permission of Colonel Almeida, he set up what was known as the "people's pharmacy" at the ranch of one of the foremen, where he stored up medicinal herbs that he used in his daily medical consultations with anyone who wished to visit him, until the late hours of the night.

José Maria's preaching displayed acutely Monarchist sentiments and adopting a highly adversarial stance towards the existing national government of Brazil. This intense endorsement of monarchy as a form of government would come to inform the shape of the Contestado war's partisan movement.

Railroad

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/08_tory_railtrack_ubt.jpeg" caption="The railroad, one of the causes of the Contestado War"] ::

Construction was underway on a railway that would run between the cities of São Paulo to Santa Maria, in the southern Brazilian state Rio Grande do Sul, much of which ran through the contested territory. The construction of this railroad was commissioned by President Afonso Pena in 1908, and the task would be contracted to a North American based company known as the Brazil Railway Company, under the ownership of Percival Farquhar.

In addition to the right to finish the project, the company also obtained from the government the right to explore a strip of land 15 km (9.32 mi) wide on each side of the railroad. The Company thus legally seized ownership of the land that it bordered and offered work to local families during the construction of the railroad. A number of communities in the region, living off subsistence agriculture, existed in the path of this newly privatized strip of land leading to the expulsion of many farmers of the region from the land they occupied.

At the same time, the concession guaranteed that another associated company of the trust, the Southern Brazil Lumber & Colonization, would have the rights to extract lumber and later resell the land.

It was estimated that 8000 men had worked for the railroad at the time; with the workers coming largely from the urban populations of cities Rio de Janeiro and Pernambuco.

However, by the time the construction work was finished a large number of people were left without work or a place to go (as much land around the railroad was legally owned by the Trust) adding to the local unrest.

The conflict start

Thousands of the workers that were laid off once the railroad construction work was finished, joined with a large portion of local peasants that had been evicted from the land they had lived on, led by José Maria.

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/VeluweTreeTrunk.jpg" caption="Lumber, one of the commodities extracted by the railroad company during the Contestado uprising"] ::

The "holy monk" José Maria rose against the recently created Republic of Brazil (1889), effectively declaring his community to be ruled by an independent government. He also declared the Republic to be "the devil's law". He appointed an illiterate farmer to be "Emperor of Brazil", founded the community of Quadro Santo and created a personal guard corps of 12 men, in an allusion to Charlemagne's knights.

Peasants followed him around, founding more communities, each one with an assigned patron saint in hopes of creating a "heavenly monarchy" similar to Antonio Conselheiro (the messianic leader from the Canudos rebellion in Bahia during the late 1890s).

The monk's popularity by then was at its peak. He was invited to the Senhor do Bom Jesus celebrations in Taquaruçu (modern-day Curitibanos) whereby he was followed by about 300 supporters. He also treated people and prescribed herbal medication to them.

Wary of the developments in Taquaruçu and afraid of losing influence in the local affairs around the town of Curitibanos, Colonel Franciso de Albuquerque, a rival of Col. Almeida, sent a telegram to the state capital requesting assistance against "rebels that proclaimed a new monarchy in Taquaruçu".

First casualties

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/HermesFonseca.jpg" caption="Marshal Hermes da Fonseca, President of Brazil"] ::

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Contestado_tropas_em_marcha.jpg" caption="Infantry of the Police Corps marching towards the battle. Commander João Gualberto (mounted on the horse), leading the troop, was killed in combat soon after the photograph"] ::

The Brazilian government, then led by Marshal Hermes da Fonseca who was responsible for the policy of military interventions in other states in order to eliminate political adversaries, decided to send federal troops to that region in order to quell the rebellion.

Foreseeing what was coming, José Maria (Miguel Lucena Boaventura) left immediately for the border town of Irani with his followers. Irani at the time belonged to the municipality of Palmas which was within the jurisdiction of the state of Paraná. As Paraná and Santa Catarina then had unresolved land disputes, the government of Paraná regarded this mass relocation of people as a strategy by the State of Santa Catarina to occupy and claim those lands. So the Contestado war began there in October 1912. In order to prevent the sudden mass occupation of that land, some troops of the Regiment of Security of Paraná State were sent out to force the invaders to return to Santa Catarina.

But things did not go as planned. A bloody confrontation started between government troops and followers of the Contestado at a place called Banhado Grande. At the end of the battle, dozens of people from both sides were dead, and the rebels seized a large number of guns and amounts of ammunition from the Paraná police forces. Among those killed were Colonel Gualberto João, who commanded the troops, and also the Monk Jose Maria, but the partisans of the Contestado had obtained their first victory.

Jose Maria was buried by his followers, who hoped for his resurrection (in similar fashion to the legend of the king Sebastian of Portugal, who was revered by some messianic followers of Sebastianism).

The federal government sent in 200 federal troops on December 29, 1913, in order to deal with the rebellion. Once again, the government was upset by the fierce opposition. For some historians, this is considered to be the official beginning of the war, despite the initial confrontations back in 1912.

Continuing conflict

On February 8, 1914, the federal and state governments sent 700 men to Taquaruçu, supported by artillery and machine guns. Caraguatá was a more remote location where 2,000 other people had already settled. The followers in Caraguatá were led by Maria Rosa, a 15-year-old girl who led the 6000-strong armed rebellion after the death of José Maria. ::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Contestado_tropa_Exército.jpg" caption="Army soldiers defending sawmill during rebel attack in Três Barras (SC)."] ::

In March and May of that year other expeditions were sent out; however, they were all unsuccessful. As the social order degraded quickly in the region, the central government appointed General Carlos Frederico de Mesquita (a veteran of the Canudos rebellion) to lead a new operation against the rebels. He led an assault on the village of Santo Antônio da Platina, causing the rebels to flee. The hamlet of Caraguatá where the federal troops were first chased from by the rebels was now struck by typhoid fever. General Mesquita mistakenly believed the rebels were finally dispersed and declared the war was over.

However, peace was to be short-lived. The rebels quickly regrouped and organized around Santa Maria, intensifying the attacks: they took and set fire to the Calmon rail station; destroyed the village of São João (present-day Matos Costa), they attacked Curitibanos and threatened Porto União, causing the population to flee. There were rumours that they were on their way to invade the city of Ponta Grossa and some believed the rebels and their army would march all the way to Rio de Janeiro in order to oust the President. The rebels at the time already controlled 25,000 km2.

The federal government named General Setembrino de Carvalho the leader of the operation against the rebels in southern Brazil. So in September 1914 he led about 7,000 men with the mandate to suppress the rebellion and thus pacify the region at any cost. Setembrino sent out an announcement to the rebels in which he guaranteed the land would be returned to those who turned themselves in. He also promised, however, a harsh and hostile treatment to those who decided to continue the armed uprising against the government.

Change of strategy and war's end

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Combate_no_Contestado.jpg" caption="Brazilian Army soldiers in combat"] ::

At this point in the war Deodato Manuel Ramos (also known as Adeodato) became a prominent figure, and he is considered by historians to be the last leader of the Contestadores. Adeodato moved the capital of the rebellious territory over to the Santa Maria valley, where he amassed about 5,000 men. As food and other shortages increased, he became more ruthless in dealing orders, including the execution of those willing to turn themselves in. ::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/José_Maria_Monge_do_Contestado_2.jpg" caption="José Maria (died 1912), monk who led the Contestado revolt, with three followers."] ::

By then the rebels were totally enclosed, and internal strife further weakened them. On February 8, 1915, a column from the south led by Lt. Col. Estillac arrived in Santa Maria. That attack cost the Army 30 dead and 40 injured. New pushes and retreats took place in the next few days.

On March 28, 1915, Captain Tertuliano Potyguara led 710 men from the town of Reinchardt towards Santa Maria, losing 24 men in the process. After several strikes, the spiritual leader of the insurgents, Maria Rosa, was killed on the banks of the Caçador river. On the 3rd of April, Estillac's and Potyguara's troops advanced towards the final assault on Santa Maria, where a few of the starving rebels still lived.

On the 5th of April, after the major attack on Santa Maria, General Estillac wrote that "everything was destroyed, the estimated number of razed houses is 5000 (...) women that fought along the men were killed (...) the number of irregulars killed is over 600. The villages of Caçador and Santa Maria were annihilated. I cannot guarantee that all such bandits that festered in the Contestado may have disappeared, but the mission entrusted to the Army is now accomplished." The surviving rebels soon dispersed and moved to other towns and cities.

In December 1915, the last of the rebellious villages was destroyed by Gen. Setembrino's troops. Adeodato managed to escape and hide in the woods while being sought by the federal troops. The War of the Contestado was finally over with his arrest in August 1916.

Adeodato was sentenced to 30 years in prison. However, in 1923, less than seven years later, Adeodato was killed by the jail warden in an alleged escape attempt.

On October 12, 1916, the state governors Filipe Schmidt (Santa Catarina) and Afonso de Camargo (Paraná) signed an agreement and the town of Campos do Irani was renamed Concórdia.

The Revamped and refortified ''Contestado''

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Bandeira_do_Contestado.svg" caption="Flag of the ''Contestado'': a green cross on white background"] ::

Os seguidores do monge, vencedores em Irani, incluindo aí alguns fazendeiros, reagruparam-se e reorganizaram a comunidade do "Quadro Santo", bem como a "Monarquia Celestial". Morto José Maria, os caboclos passaram a obedecer as ordens de um novo chefe, de nome Eusébio Ferreira dos Santos, cuja filha, Maria Rosa , tinha visões. Em Taquaruçú fortaleceu-se um núcleo de fiéis que reuniu cerca de 3000 crentes. Estes reuniram-se atendendo ao chamamento de uma mulher, Teodora, antiga seguidora de José Maria, que dizia ter visões do monge.

Statistics

Size of combat area: 20,000 km²
Population living in the combat area: about 40,000 inhabitants
Municipalities of Paraná (at the time): Rio Negro, Itaiópolis, Timbó, Três Barras, União da Vitória and Palmas
Municipalities of Santa Catarina (at the time): Lages, Curitibanos, Campos Novos, Canoinhas and Timbó Grande

Alguns Antecedentes e Precedentes

Ação judicial de Santa Catarina contra o Paraná em 1900, por limites
Decisões judiciais do STF pró-Santa Catarina em 1904, 1909 e 1910
Revolta do ex-maragato Demétrio Ramos na zona do Timbó, em 1905 e 1906
Construção da Estrada de Ferro São Paulo-Rio Grande, de 1908 a 1910
Criação dos Municípios de Canoinhas (Santa Catarina) e de Itaiópolis, de Três Barras e de Timbó (Paraná)
Instalação da Southern Brazil Lumber & Colonization em Calmon (1908) e em Três Barras (1912)
Construção do Ramal de São Francisco, a partir de 1911
1911: Revolta do ex-maragato Aleixo Gonçalves de Lima em Canoinhas
1910–1912: Questão de terras da Fazenda Irani e da Cia. Frigorífica e Pastoril
Combate no Banhado Grande, em Irani, em outubro de 1912
1911: Escrituração de glebas de terras devolutas do Contestado para a EFSPRG
Disputas pela exploração dos ervais – concessões de Estados e Municípios
Vendas suspeitas de terras no Contestado, do Estado para especuladores – bendegós
Disputas eleitorais entre os coronéis da região pelos domínios políticos nos municípios
Espírito guerreiro do Caboclo Pardo (Revolução Farroupilha e Revolução Federalista)
Religiosidade: Messianismo, misticismo e fanatismo da população cabocla
Ideologia Nacionalista – Civilismo na República – Reestruturação do Exército

Mais dados importantes

Início da Guerra: outubro de 1912
Tempo da Guerra: 46 meses (out/1912 a ago/1916)
Auge da Guerra: Março-abril de 1915, em Santa Maria, na Serra do Espigão
Final da Guerra: Agosto de 1916, com a captura de Adeodato, o último líder do Contestado
Combatentes militares no auge da Guerra: 8.000 homens, sendo 7.000 soldados do Exército Brasileiro, do Regimento de Segurança do Paraná, do Regimento de Segurança de Santa Catarina, mais 1.000 civis contratados.
Exército Encantado de São Sebastião: 10.000 combatentes envolvidos durante a Guerra.
Baixas nos efetivos legalistas militares e civis: de 800 a 1.000, entre mortos, feridos e desertores
Baixas na população civil revoltada: de 5.000 a 8.000, entre mortos, feridos e desaparecidos
Custo da Guerra para a União: cerca de 3.000:000$000, mais soldados militares
A Guerra do Contestado durou mais tempo e produziu mais mortes que a Guerra de Canudos, outro conflito semelhante em terras do Brasil.
Em cinco anos de guerra, 9 mil casas foram queimadas e 20 mil pessoas mortas.

Algumas Conseqüências Imediatas

20/10/1916: Assinatura do Acordo de Limites Paraná-Santa Catarina, no Rio de Janeiro;
07/11/1916: Manifestações nos municípios do Contestado-Paranaense contra o acordo;
De maio a agosto de 1917: Sublevação popular no Contestado-Paranaense, pró Estado das Missões;
Maio e junho de 1917: Ascensão e assassinato do monge Jesus Nazareno;
03/08/1917: Homologação final do Acordo de Limites;
Setembro de 1917: Instalação dos municípios de Mafra, Cruzeiro e de Porto União;
1918: Reinício da colonização no Centro-Oeste Catarinense, por empresas particulares;
Janeiro e maio de 1920: Revolta política em Erval e Cruzeiro;
Março de 1921: Revolta de caboclos contra medição de terras, entre Catanduvas e Capinzal.

Referências bibliográficas

Grandes Acontecimentos da História – Revista da Editora 3, nº 4 (setembro de 1973).

Categoria:História do Brasil Categoria:História do Paraná Contestado Contestado

References

Grandes Acontecimentos da História – Revista da Editora 3, nº 4 (setembro de 1973)
Diacon, Todd A. Millenarian Vision, Capitalist Reality: Brazil's Contestado Rebellion, 1912–1916 (Duke University Press 1991),

References

Welch, Cliff. (2020). "Fifty years of peasant wars in Latin America". Berghahn.
Pinheiro Machado, Roberto. (2018). "Brazilian history: culture, society, politics 1500–2010". Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Thomas, David G.. (2014). "Giovanni Maria de Agostini, Wonder of the Century: The Astonishing World Traveler Who Was A Hermit". Doc45 Publishing.
Diacon, Todd A.. (1991). "Millenarian vision, capitalist reality: Brazil's Contestado rebellion, 1912–1916". Duke University Press.
Diacon, Todd A.. (Jul 1, 1991). "The Search for Meaning in an Historical Context: Popular Religion, Millenarianism, and the Contestado Rebellion". Luso-Brazilian Review.
Siegel, Bernard J.. (Jul 1, 1977). "The Contestado Rebellion, 1912–16: A Case Study in Brazilian Messianism and Regional Dynamics". Journal of Anthropological Research.
Diacon, ''Millenarian Vision,'' 116

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