Constanța

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Coastal city in Constanța County, Romania

title: "Constanța" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["constanța", "populated-coastal-places-in-romania", "populated-places-in-constanța-county", "localities-in-northern-dobruja", "aromanian-settlements-in-romania", "cities-in-romania", "capitals-of-romanian-counties", "roman-towns-and-cities-in-romania", "byzantine-sites-in-romania", "pontic-greeks", "greek-colonies-in-scythia-minor", "port-cities-and-towns-in-romania", "port-cities-and-towns-of-the-black-sea", "populated-places-established-in-the-1st-millennium-bc", "place-names-of-greek-origin-in-romania", "moesia-inferior"] description: "Coastal city in Constanța County, Romania" topic_path: "geography" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constanța" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Coastal city in Constanța County, Romania ::

::data[format=table title="Infobox settlement"]

FieldValue
official_nameConstanța
native_name
settlement_typeCounty seat and Municipality
image_skyline{{multiple image
borderinfobox
total_width300
perrow1/2/3
image1Cazino CT-II-m-A-02801 (7) (cropped).jpg
caption1Constanța Casino
image2Catedrala ortodoxă „Sf. Apostoli Petru și Pavel” de sub brad.jpg
caption2Cathedral
image3National History Museum in Constanţa (27654665352).jpg
caption3National History Museum
image4Costanza moschea - panoramio.jpg
caption4Grand Mosque of Constanța
image5Constanța aquariu 2.jpg
caption5Constanța Aquarium
image6Great Synagogue, Constanța, Sinagoga Mare din Consțanta, Română.jpg
caption6Great Synagogue
image7Orasul antic Tomis - Therme.jpg
caption7Ancient city of Tomis
image9Farul Genovez (Genoese Lighthouse) - Constanța, Romania.jpg
caption9Genoese Lighthouse
mapframeyes
mapframe-zoom11
mapframe-pointnone
image_flagROU CT Constanta Flag.svg
image_shieldConstanta-Coat of Arms.png
image_blank_emblemConstanta - Logo.jpg
blank_emblem_typeBrandmark
pushpin_mapRomania
pushpin_label_position
pushpin_map_captionLocation in Romania
pushpin_relief1
subdivision_typeCountry
subdivision_name
subdivision_type1County
subdivision_name1Constanța
leader_titleMayor
leader_nameVergil Chițac
leader_partyPNL
leader_title1
established_titleFounded
established_dateca. 6th century BC as Tomis
established_title2
established_title3
unit_pref
area_total_km2124.89
area_metro_km21013.5
population_demonymconstănțean, constănțeancă (ro)
population_as_of2021 census
population_footnotes
population_total263,688
population_density_km22,112
population_metro_footnotes(2011)
population_metro425,916
coordinates
elevation_footnotes
elevation_m25
postal_code_typePostal code
postal_code900xxx
area_code(+40) 41
registration_plateCT
blank_nameLanguages
blank_infoRomanian
website
::

| official_name = Constanța | other_name = | native_name = | nickname = | settlement_type = County seat and Municipality | motto = | image_skyline = {{multiple image | border = infobox | total_width = 300 | image_style = | perrow = 1/2/3 |image1 = Cazino CT-II-m-A-02801 (7) (cropped).jpg |alt1 = |caption1 = Constanța Casino |image2 = Catedrala ortodoxă „Sf. Apostoli Petru și Pavel” de sub brad.jpg |alt2 = |caption2 = Cathedral |image3 = National History Museum in Constanţa (27654665352).jpg |alt3 = |caption3 = National History Museum |image4 = Costanza moschea - panoramio.jpg |alt4 = |caption4 = Grand Mosque of Constanța |image5 = Constanța aquariu 2.jpg |alt5 = |caption5 = Constanța Aquarium |image6 = Great Synagogue, Constanța, Sinagoga Mare din Consțanta, Română.jpg |alt6 = |caption6 = Great Synagogue |image7 = Orasul antic Tomis - Therme.jpg |alt7 = |caption7 = Ancient city of Tomis |image8 = |alt8 = |caption8 = |image9 = Farul Genovez (Genoese Lighthouse) - Constanța, Romania.jpg |alt9 = |caption9 = Genoese Lighthouse | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 11 | mapframe-point = none | imagesize = | image_flag = ROU CT Constanta Flag.svg | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_shield = Constanta-Coat of Arms.png | shield_size = | image_blank_emblem = Constanta - Logo.jpg | blank_emblem_type =Brandmark | blank_emblem_size = | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_caption1 = | image_dot_map = | pushpin_map = Romania | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Romania | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_relief = 1 | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = | subdivision_type1 = County | subdivision_name1 = Constanța | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = Vergil Chițac | leader_party = PNL | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | established_title = Founded | established_date = ca. 6th century BC as Tomis | established_title2 = | established_date2 = | established_title3 = | established_date3 = | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 124.89 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_metro_km2 = 1013.5 | area_metro_sq_mi = | population_demonym = constănțean, constănțeancă (ro) | population_as_of = 2021 census | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = 263,688 | population_density_km2 = 2,112 | population_density_sq_mi = | pop_est_as_of = | population_est = | population_metro_footnotes = (2011) | population_metro = 425,916 | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_density_metro_sq_mi = | population_urban = | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_density_urban_sq_mi = | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = | population_density_blank1_km2 = | population_density_blank1_sq_mi = | timezone = | utc_offset = | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 25 | elevation_ft = | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = 900xxx | area_code = (+40) 41 | registration_plate = CT | blank_name = Languages | blank_info = Romanian | blank1_name = | blank1_info = | website = | footnotes = | name =

Constanța (, , ) is a city in the Northern Dobruja historical region of Romania. A port city, it is the capital of Constanța County and the country's fourth largest city and principal port on the Black Sea coast. It is the oldest continuously inhabited city in Romania, founded around 600 BC, and among the oldest in Europe.

As of the 2021 census, Constanța has a population of 263,688. The Constanța metropolitan area includes 14 localities within 30 km of the city. It is one of the largest metropolitan areas in Romania. Ethnic Romanians became a majority in the city in the early 20th century. The city still has small Tatar and Greek communities, which were substantial in previous centuries, as well as Turkish and Romani residents, among others. Constanța has a rich multicultural heritage, as, throughout history, it has been part of different cultures, including Roman, Byzantine, Bulgarian, and Ottoman. Following the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), Constanța became part of Romania, and the city, which at the time had a population of just over 5,000 inhabitants, grew significantly throughout the 20th century.

The Port of Constanța has an area of 39.26 km2 and a length of about 30 km. It is the largest port on the Black Sea, and one of the largest ports in Europe.

History

::quote

::

| width = 24em | align = right | bgcolor = #B0C4DE | title = Historical affiliations | fontsize = 90% | quote = Roman Republic 29 BC–27 BC

Roman Empire 27 BC–395

Byzantine Empire Byzantine Empire 395–680

First Bulgarian Empire 680–971

Byzantine Empire Byzantine Empire 971–1186

Second Bulgarian Empire Second Bulgarian Empire 1186–1356

Despotate of Dobruja 1356–1411

Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire 1411–1878

Romania Romania 1878–1918 (de facto until Oct. 1916)

German EmpireAustria-HungaryOttoman EmpireKingdom of Bulgaria Central Powers May 1918–Sept. 1918 (de facto from Oct. 1916)

Bulgaria Bulgaria Sept. 1918–Nov. 1919 (de facto until Dec. 1918)

Romania Romania 1919–present (de facto since Dec. 1918)|-

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Orasul_antic_Tomis_-_Therme.jpg" caption="Tomis"] ::

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Statue_of_Ovid_and_National_History_Museum_in_Constantza.jpg" caption="Statue of Ovid in front of the Museum of National History"] ::

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Casino_de_Constanța_en_1944_(I).jpg" caption="the occupation]] of the port of Constanța by Soviet sailors in 1944."] ::

Ancient history

Tomis was founded in the 6th century BC as a Greek colony as were nearby the colonies of Histria, Orgame, and Kallatis in the same era.

The site had the advantage of a fine harbour, the Carasu valley offering an inland shortcut from the sea to the Danube, and fertile land nearby. The peninsula on which it was sited has high cliffs protecting Tomis from cold winds and from attack.

Most of the ancient city is covered by the modern-day Constanța, making archaeology difficult.

In the 5th century BC it was under the influence of the Delian League, passing in this period from oligarchy to democracy.

The war for the emporion of Tomis took place in the middle of the 3rd century BC.

In 29 BC the Romans captured the region from the Odrysian kingdom and annexed it as far as the Danube.

It was a member, perhaps the capital, of the Hexapolis alliance of Greek cities with Histria, Callatis, Dionysupolis, Odessos and Mesambria.

In AD 8, the Roman poet Ovid (43 BC–17 AD) was banished to Tomis by Emperor Augustus for the last eight years of his life. He lamented his Tomisian exile in his poems Tristia and Epistulae ex Ponto. Tomis was "by his account a town located in a war-stricken cultural wasteland on the remotest margins of the empire".

A number of inscriptions found in and around the city show that Constanța stands over the site of Tomis. Some of these finds are now preserved in the British Museum in London.

The city was afterwards included in the Province of Moesia and, from the time of Diocletian, in Scythia Minor of which it was the capital.

In 269 the city was attacked by the Goths who succeeded in destroying only suburbs outside the walls.

The city lay at the seaward end of the Great Wall of Trajan. Tomis was later called Constantiana, possibly in honour of Constantia, the half-sister of Roman Emperor Constantine the Great or his son Constantius II, a name mentioned for the town by Procopius of Caesarea. In 395, Tomis was assigned to the Eastern Roman Empire.

Middle Ages

During Maurice's Balkan campaigns, Tomis was besieged by the Avars in the winter of 597/598. It was conquered at the Battle of Ongal by the First Bulgarian Empire in 680. It stayed under Bulgarian rule until the Byzantines under John I Tzimiskes retook it in the Rus-Byzantine War of 970-971. Tomis was then seized by the Second Bulgarian Empire during the Uprising of Asen and Peter in 1186.

By the 14th century Italian nautical maps used the name Constanza.

After almost 200 years as part of Bulgaria, and becoming subsequently an independent principality of Dobrotitsa/Dobrotici and of Wallachia under Mircea I of Wallachia, Constanța fell under Ottoman rule around 1411.

Recent history

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Constanţa_Generala_1909.jpg" caption="Constanța panorama in 1910"] ::

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Cercul_Militar_Constanta,_fosta_Prefectura.jpeg" caption="Constanța Prefecture (nowadays the Constanța Military Circle) damaged during city's occupation by the Central Powers (1916{{ndash}}1918)"] ::

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Bundesarchiv_N_1603_Bild-027,_Konstanza,_Siebelfähren_im_Hafen.jpg" caption="The [[port of Constanța]] in 1941"] ::

A railroad linking Constanța to Cernavodă was laid in 1860. In spite of damage done by railway contractors, considerable remains of ancient walls, pillars, etc. came to light. What is thought to have been a port building was excavated, and revealed the substantial remains of one of the longest mosaic pavements in the world.

In 1878, after the Romanian War of Independence, Constanța and the rest of Northern Dobruja were ceded by the Ottoman Empire to Romania. The city became Romania's main seaport and the transit point for much of Romania's exports. The Constanța Casino, a historic monument and a symbol of the modern city, was the first building constructed on the shore of the Black Sea after Dobruja came under Romanian administration, with the cornerstone being laid in 1880.

On 22 October 1916 (during World War I), the Central Powers (German, Turkish and Bulgarian troops) occupied Constanța. According to the Treaty of Bucharest of May 1918, article X.b. (a treaty never ratified by Romania), Constanța remained under the joint control of the Central Powers. The city came afterwards under Bulgarian rule after a protocol regarding the transfer of the jointly administered zone in Northern Dobruja to Bulgaria had been signed in Berlin on 24 September 1918, by Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria. The agreement was short-lived: five days later, on 29 September, Bulgaria capitulated after the successful offensive on the Macedonian front (see the Armistice of Salonica), and the Allied troops liberated the city in 1918.

In the interwar years, the city became Romania's main commercial hub, so that by the 1930s over half of its exports were exiting via the port. During World War II, when Romania joined the Axis powers, Constanța was a major target for the Allied bombers. While the town was left relatively unscathed, the port suffered extensive damage, recovering only in the early 1950s.

Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the blockading of the Ukrainian Black Sea ports led to renewed interest in the port of Constanta as one possible outlet for transporting grain to the rest of the world.

Geography

Constanța is the administrative center of the county with the same name and the largest city in the Southeastern development region of Romania. The city is located on the Black Sea coast, with a beach length of 13 km.

Main sights

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Cazinoul_din_Constanta_vedere_laterala.jpg" caption="The Casino at sunrise"] ::

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Constanta,_lighthouse.jpg" caption="The [[Genoese Lighthouse"] ::

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Casa_cu_Lei_3.jpg" caption="Details from the House with Lions"] ::

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Moscheea_Carol_I,_Constanta.JPG" caption="The [[Grand Mosque of Constanța]]."] ::

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Constanța,_Catedrala_Sfinții_Petru_și_Pavel,_5.jpeg" caption="The Cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul"] ::

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Geamia_Hunchiar_(Hünkar_Mosque),_Constanta.jpg" caption="Ottoman]] Hunkar mosque"] ::

Ovid's Square

The Emperor Augustus exiled the Roman poet Ovid to what was then Tomis in 8 AD. In 1887, the sculptor Ettore Ferrari designed a statue of Ovid which gave its name to this square in the old town. In 1916, during the occupation of Dobruja by the Central Powers, it was taken down by Bulgarian troops, and was later reinstated by the Germans.

The statue is in front of National History and Archaeology Museum is housed in the old City Hall.

Genoese Lighthouse (''Farul Genovez'')

The Genoese Lighthouse is 26 ft high.

Casino (''Cazinoul'')

Commissioned by King Carol I in 1910 and designed by architects Daniel Renard and Petre Antonescu right on the seashore, the derelict Constanța Casino features sumptuous Art Nouveau architecture. Once a huge attraction for European tourists, the casino lost its customers after the collapse of Communism. In 2021 renovation of the building finally began.

The Constanța Aquarium is nearby.

Cathedral

The Cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul was built between 1883 and 1885.

Grand Mosque of Constanța (''Marea Moschee din Constanța'')

Built in 1910 by King Carol I, the Grand Mosque of Constanța was originally called the Carol I Mosque.

Hünkar Mosque (''Geamia Hunchiar''){{anchor|Hünkar Mosque}}

The Hünkar Mosque was completed in 1869.

Climate

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Mamaia_Beach_(September_2013).JPG" caption="Mamaia, view towards Constanța"] ::

Constanța has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa in Köppen climate classification). Summer (early June to mid September) is hot and sunny, with a July and August average of 23 °C. Most summer days see a gentle breeze refreshing the daytime temperatures. Nights are warm and somewhat muggy because of the heat stored by the sea.

Autumn starts in mid or late September with warm and sunny days. September can be warmer than June, owing to the warmth accumulated by the Black Sea during the summer. The first frost occurs on average in mid November.

Winter is milder than other cities in southern Romania. Snow is not abundant but the weather can be very windy and unpleasant. Winter arrives much later than inland and December weather is often mild with high temperatures reaching 8 °C – 12 °C. The average January temperature is 1 °C. Winter storms, which occur when the sea becomes particularly treacherous, are a common occurrence between December and March.

Spring arrives early but it is quite cool. Often in April and May the Black Sea coast is one of the coolest places in Romania found at an altitude lower than 500 m.

Four of the warmest seven years from 1889 to 2008 have occurred after the year 2000 (2000, 2001, 2007 and 2008). As of September 2009, the winter and the summer of 2007 were respectively the warmest and the second warmest in recorded history with monthly averages for January (+6.5 °C) and June (+23.0 °C) breaking all-time records. Overall, 2007 was the warmest year since 1889 when weather recording began.

|location = Constanța (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1901-present) |metric first= Yes |single line= Yes |Jan record high C = 19.1 |Feb record high C = 24.5 |Mar record high C = 30.8 |Apr record high C = 31.9 |May record high C = 36.9 |Jun record high C = 36.9 |Jul record high C = 38.5 |Aug record high C = 36.8 |Sep record high C = 34.8 |Oct record high C = 31.8 |Nov record high C = 26.5 |Dec record high C = 21.0 |year record high C = 38.5 |Jan high C = 4.7 |Feb high C = 6.5 |Mar high C = 10.1 |Apr high C = 14.7 |May high C = 20.6 |Jun high C = 25.5 |Jul high C = 27.9 |Aug high C = 27.9 |Sep high C = 23.3 |Oct high C = 17.6 |Nov high C = 11.9 |Dec high C = 6.6 |year high C = |Jan mean C = 1.4 |Feb mean C = 2.7 |Mar mean C = 6.2 |Apr mean C = 10.8 |May mean C = 16.6 |Jun mean C = 21.5 |Jul mean C = 23.9 |Aug mean C = 23.9 |Sep mean C = 19.2 |Oct mean C = 13.8 |Nov mean C = 8.4 |Dec mean C = 3.2 |year mean C = |Jan low C = -1.2 |Feb low C = 0.0 |Mar low C = 3.3 |Apr low C = 7.7 |May low C = 13.1 |Jun low C = 17.6 |Jul low C = 19.7 |Aug low C = 19.9 |Sep low C = 15.6 |Oct low C = 10.8 |Nov low C = 5.7 |Dec low C = 0.6 |year low C = |Jan record low C = -24.7 |Feb record low C = -25.0 |Mar record low C = -12.8 |Apr record low C = -4.5 |May record low C = 1.8 |Jun record low C = 6.4 |Jul record low C = 7.6 |Aug record low C = 8.0 |Sep record low C = 1.0 |Oct record low C = -12.4 |Nov record low C = -11.7 |Dec record low C = -18.6 |year record low C = -25.0 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 35.6 |Feb precipitation mm = 25.9 |Mar precipitation mm = 37.4 |Apr precipitation mm = 31.9 |May precipitation mm = 44.8 |Jun precipitation mm = 42.3 |Jul precipitation mm = 41.9 |Aug precipitation mm = 36.3 |Sep precipitation mm = 44.0 |Oct precipitation mm = 44.4 |Nov precipitation mm = 41.5 |Dec precipitation mm = 41.1 |year precipitation mm = |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |Jan precipitation days = 5.6 |Feb precipitation days = 4.6 |Mar precipitation days = 5.5 |Apr precipitation days = 5.2 |May precipitation days = 5.9 |Jun precipitation days = 5.2 |Jul precipitation days = 4.2 |Aug precipitation days = 2.9 |Sep precipitation days = 4.1 |Oct precipitation days = 4.9 |Nov precipitation days = 5.2 |Dec precipitation days = 6.2 |year precipitation days = | Jan snow days =7.83 | Feb snow days =5.25 | Mar snow days =2.83 | Apr snow days =0.21 | May snow days =0.04 | Jun snow days =0 | Jul snow days =0 | Aug snow days =0 | Sep snow days =0 | Oct snow days =0.04 | Nov snow days =1.29 | Dec snow days =4.5 | year snow days = |Jan humidity = 86 |Feb humidity = 85 |Mar humidity = 85 |Apr humidity = 83 |May humidity = 81 |Jun humidity = 78 |Jul humidity = 76 |Aug humidity = 77 |Sep humidity = 79 |Oct humidity = 82 |Nov humidity = 86 |Dec humidity = 88 |year humidity = 82 |Jan sun = 89 |Feb sun = 112 |Mar sun = 143 |Apr sun = 198 |May sun = 270 |Jun sun = 294 |Jul sun = 331 |Aug sun = 305 |Sep sun = 229 |Oct sun = 157 |Nov sun = 100 |Dec sun = 86 |year sun = |source 1 = NOAA,{{cite web | url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Romania/CSV/Constanta_15480.csv | title = WMO Normals 91-20 Romania - Constanta | publisher = NOAA | access-date = October 20, 2023 | archive-date = 17 November 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231117211556/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Romania/CSV/Constanta_15480.csv | url-status = live | title = CONSTANTA - Weather data by months | website = Meteomanz | access-date = 6 July 2024}} |source 2 = Romanian National Statistic Institute (extremes 1901–2000),{{cite web | url = http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/pdf/ro/cap1.pdf | title = AIR TEMPERATURE (monthly and yearly absolute maximum and absolute minimum) | work = Romanian Statistical Yearbook: Geography, Meteorology, and Environment | publisher = Romanian National Statistic Institute | year = 2007 | access-date = March 21, 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210503/http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/pdf/ro/cap1.pdf | archive-date = September 27, 2007 | url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_154800_kt.pdf | title = Klimatafel von Constanta (Konstanza), Dobrudscha / Rumänien | work = Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world | publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst | language = de | access-date = November 23, 2016 | archive-date = October 22, 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211022120420/https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_154800_kt.pdf | url-status = live |date= August 2010

|location = Constanța (1961–1990 normals) |metric first= Yes |single line= Yes | Jan high C =3.7 | Feb high C =4.9 | Mar high C =8.1 | Apr high C =13.8 | May high C =19.3 | Jun high C =23.8 | Jul high C =25.9 | Aug high C =25.8 | Sep high C =22.4 | Oct high C =17.0 | Nov high C =11.6 | Dec high C =6.4 | year high C = | Jan mean C =0.5 | Feb mean C =1.6 | Mar mean C =4.6 | Apr mean C =9.9 | May mean C =15.5 | Jun mean C =20.0 | Jul mean C =22.0 | Aug mean C =21.8 | Sep mean C =18.3 | Oct mean C =13.1 | Nov mean C =8.0 | Dec mean C =3.2 | year mean C = | Jan low C =-2.3 | Feb low C =-1.0 | Mar low C =2.1 | Apr low C =6.9 | May low C =12.1 | Jun low C =16.2 | Jul low C =18.0 | Aug low C =17.9 | Sep low C =14.6 | Oct low C =9.8 | Nov low C =5.0 | Dec low C =0.5 | year low C = | Jan dew point C =-1.7 | Feb dew point C =-1.1 | Mar dew point C =2.0 | Apr dew point C =6.5 | May dew point C =11.7 | Jun dew point C =15.3 | Jul dew point C =17.0 | Aug dew point C =16.9 | Sep dew point C =14.1 | Oct dew point C =9.7 | Nov dew point C =5.2 | Dec dew point C =1.3

| precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm =30 | Feb precipitation mm =29 | Mar precipitation mm =26 | Apr precipitation mm =30 | May precipitation mm =38 | Jun precipitation mm =40 | Jul precipitation mm =30 | Aug precipitation mm =33 | Sep precipitation mm =29 | Oct precipitation mm =31 | Nov precipitation mm =42 | Dec precipitation mm =38 | year precipitation mm = | Jan snow cm = 7.0 | Feb snow cm = 7.0 | Mar snow cm = 4.2 | Apr snow cm = 0.0 | May snow cm = 0.0 | Jun snow cm = 0.0 | Jul snow cm = 0.0 | Aug snow cm = 0.0 | Sep snow cm = 0.0 | Oct snow cm = 0.0 | Nov snow cm = 5.5 | Dec snow cm = 3.4 | year snow cm =

| Jan sun =83.4 | Feb sun =85.7 | Mar sun =133.9 | Apr sun =179.7 | May sun =264.1 | Jun sun =282.2 | Jul sun =319.9 | Aug sun =311.7 | Sep sun =241.1 | Oct sun =182.3 | Nov sun =101.1 | Dec sun =80.7 | year sun =

| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm | precip days colour = | Jan precipitation days =5 | Feb precipitation days =5 | Mar precipitation days =5 | Apr precipitation days =5 | May precipitation days =6 | Jun precipitation days =6 | Jul precipitation days =5 | Aug precipitation days =3 | Sep precipitation days =3 | Oct precipitation days =4 | Nov precipitation days =6 | Dec precipitation days =6 | year precipitation days =

| source = NOAA

Demographics

::data[format=table]

YearPopulation%±
18535,204—
18795,4304.3%
190012,725134.3%
1912 census27,201113.7%
1930 census59,164117.5%
1941 census80,02835.2%
1948 census78,586−1.8%
1956 census99,67626.8%
1966 census150,27650.7%
1977 census256,97871%
1992 census350,58136.4%
2002 census310,471−11.4%
2011 census283,872−8.6%
2021 census263,688−7.1%
::

, 263,688 inhabitants live within the city limits, a decrease from the figure recorded at the 2011 census.

After Bucharest, the capital city, Romania has a number of major cities that are roughly equal in size: Constanța, Iași, Cluj-Napoca, and Timișoara.

The metropolitan area of Constanța has a permanent population of 425,916 inhabitants (2011), i.e. 61% of the total population of the county, and a minimum average of 120,000 per day, tourists or seasonal workers, transient people during the high tourist season.

::data[format=table] | Ethnicity | 1853 | 1896 | 1912 | 1930 | 1956 | 1966 | 2002 | url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_Tab_8.xls|title=Populația stabilă după etnie – județe, municipii, orașe, comune|publisher=Institutul Național de Statistică|access-date=2015-11-23|format=XLS|language=ro|archive-date=2016-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118131243/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_Tab_8.xls}} | url=https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Tabel-2.02.1-si-Tabel-2.02.2.xlsx|title=Populaţia rezidentă după etnie (Etnii, Macroregiuni, Regiuni de dezvoltare, Județe, Municipii, orașe și comune)|access-date=2024-04-29|format=XLS|language=ro|archive-date=2 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702045135/https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Tabel-2.02.1-si-Tabel-2.02.2.xlsx|url-status=live}} | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | All | 5,204 | 10,419 | 27,201 | 60,106 | 99,676 | 150,276 | 310,471 | 283,872 | 263,688 | | Romanian | 279 (5.4%) | 2,519 (24.1%) | 15,663 (57.6%) | 40,857 (68.0%) | 90,232 (90.5%) | 138,955 (92.5%) | 286,332 (92.2%) | 235,925 (83.11%) | 201,648 (76.47%) | | Tatar | 1,853 (35.6%) | 2,202 (21.1%) | 277 (1%) | 573 (1.0%) | 1,968 (2.0%) | 2,682 (1.8%) | 8,724 (2.8%) | 7,367 (2.6%) | 6,802 (2.6%) | | Turkish | 104 (2.0%) | 2,451 (9%) | 3,491 (5.8%) | 3,260 (3.3%) | 4,840 (3.2%) | 9,018 (2.9%) | 6,525 (2.3%) | 4,383 (1.7%) | | | Greek | 1,542 (29.6%) | 2,460 (23.6%) | 3,170 (11.6%) | 3,708 (6.2%) | 791 (0.8%) | 559 (0.4%) | 546 (0.17%) | 231 (0.08%) | 192 (0.07%) | | Bulgarian | 342 (6.5%) | 1,060 (10.1%) | 940 (3.4%) | 1,196 (2.0%) | 162 (0.2%) | 191 (0.1%) | 48 (0.01%) | 18 (0.01%) | 42 (0.02%) | | Jewish | 344 (6.6%) | 855 (8.2%) | 1,266 (4.6%) | 1,678 (2.8%) | 585 (0.6%) | 240 (0.2%) | 44 (0.01%) | 31 (0.01%) | 29 (0.01%) | | Roma/Gypsy | 127 (2.5%) | n/a | n/a | 282 (0.5%) | 4 (0.0%) | 35 (0.0%) | 2,962 (0.97%) | 2,225 (0.78%) | 1,515 (0.57%) | | Ethnicity information not available | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 10 (0.003%) | 29,411 (10.36%) | 46,990 (17.82%) | ::

Economy

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Le_port_de_Kustendje.jpg" caption="Drawing of the port in 1856."] ::

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Constanta_shipyard.JPG" caption="View toward Constanța shipyard"] ::

As of 1878, Constanța was called a "poor Turkish fishing village." As of 1920, it was called "flourishing", and was known for exporting oil and cereals.

Constanța is one of Romania's main industrial, commercial and tourist centers. During the first half of 2008, some 3,144 new companies were established in Constanța and its neighbouring localities, a number surpassed in Romania only in Bucharest and Cluj County. The Port of Constanța is the largest on the Black Sea and the fourth largest in Europe. The city also boasts a comparably large shipyard.

Constanța has been promoted as a seaside resort since the time of Carol I of Romania, the development of naval industry has had a detrimental effect on the city's beaches.

Transport

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/A2-A4-02.jpg" caption="A2 motorway"] ::

The opening, in 1895, of the railway to Bucharest, which crosses the Danube River at the bridge at Cernavodă, brought Constanța considerable transit trade in grain and petroleum, which are largely exported; coal and coke head the list of imports, followed by machinery, iron goods, cotton and woollen fabrics.

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Portul_Turistic_Tomis.jpg" caption="Touristic port of Constanta"] ::

The Port of Constanța includes the North Port and the South Port, and is the fourth largest in Europe. It is protected by breakwaters, with a lighthouse at the entrance. The port is sheltered from the northerly winds, but southerly winds can prove dangerous at times. The Black Sea squadron of the Romanian fleet is stationed here. A large canal (the Danube-Black Sea Canal) connects the Danube River to the Black Sea at Constanța.

The city is served by Mihail Kogălniceanu International Airport.

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Constanta_pink_bus.jpg" caption="MAZ]] buses, formerly running on Route 44"] ::

Constanța's public transport system is run by CT Bus (formerly Regia Autonomă de Transport în Comun Constanța - RATC), and consists of 19 year-round bus lines, and two seasonal lines, including a sightseeing double decker open top bus line.

In the early 2000s, the city bought 130 new MAZ buses to replace the aging fleet of DAC buses. There is also a fleet of double decker Volvo buses that run in the summer, providing access to and from the resort of Mamaia. As of October 2013, the cost of a return ticket is 3 lei.

Trams were active until the late 2000s when they were decommissioned in favour of long-wheelbase buses. Two trolley bus lines were active until the early 2010s – now also decommissioned and replaced by buses.

In 2019 Constanta's new Mercedes-Benz minibusses entered service.

In October 2022 Constanta's new BYD electric buses entered service with CT Bus.

Constanța is one of the main focuses of the Rail-2-Sea project which aims to connect it to the Polish Baltic Sea port of Gdańsk with a 3,663 km long railway line passing through Romania, Hungary, Slovakia and Poland.

Politics

List of mayors (1990–present)

As of 2020 the mayor of was Vergil Chițac (National Liberal Party).

The mayors elected since the 1989 revolution have been the following: ::data[format=table]

NºNameTerm startTerm endPolitical party123456788
Radu Marian1 January 199010 January 1990National Salvation Front (FSN)
Călin MarinescuJanuary 1990August 1990National Salvation Front (FSN)
Adrian ManoleAugust 19901991National Salvation Front (FSN)
Tudor Baltă19911992National Salvation Front (FSN)
Corneliu Neagoe19921996Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party (PNȚCD)
Gheorghe Mihăeș19962000Democratic Party (PD)
Radu Mazăre20002015Independent, Social Democratic Party (PSD)
Decebal Făgădău20152020Social Democratic Party (PSD)
Vergil Chițac2020National Liberal Party (PNL)
::

City Council

The Constanța Municipal Council is made up of 27 councilors, with the following party composition:

::data[format=table]

PartySeats in 2004Seats in 2008Seats in 2012Seats in 2016Seats in 2020Council following the 2020 local elections
Social Democratic Party (PSD)151915138
National Liberal Party (PNL)6341010
Save Romania Union (USR)N/AN/AN/A39
People's Movement Party (PMP)N/AN/AN/A30
IndependentN/AN/AN/A1N/A
Democratic Party/Democratic Liberal Party (PD/PDL)353N/AN/A
National Union for the Progress of Romania (UNPR)N/AN/A300
People's Party – Dan Diaconescu (PP-DD)N/AN/A3N/AN/A
Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party (PNȚCD)00100
Greater Romania Party (PRM)30000
::

Media

Main article: Media in Constanța

Sports

Constanța is home to several football clubs, with FCV Farul Constanța playing in the Romanian first division. The rugby team RC Farul Constanța play in Divizia Națională. The Romanian handball clubs, HCD Constanța is also based in the city.

International relations

Twin towns – sister cities

Constanța is twinned with:

Consulates

  • RUS Consulate General of Russia
  • TUR Consulate General of Turkey
  • ALB Honorary Consulate of Albania
  • AUT Honorary Consulate of Austria
  • CYP Honorary Consulate of Cyprus
  • EST Honorary Consulate of Estonia
  • FIN Honorary Consulate of Finland
  • FRA Honorary Consulate of France
  • ITA Honorary Consulate of Italy
  • KAZ Honorary Consulate of Kazakhstan
  • LBN Honorary Consulate of Lebanon
  • NLD Honorary Consulate of the Netherlands
  • MKD Honorary Consulate of North Macedonia
  • NOR Honorary Consulate of Norway
  • SYR Honorary Consulate of Syria

Natives of Constanța

Education

Local high schools include Mircea cel Bătrân National College, Mihai Eminescu National College and Ovidius High School

Colleges include Ovidius University of Constanța and Mircea cel Bătrân Naval Academy

Notes

References

Studies

  • Born, Robert (2012). Die Christianisierung der Städte der Provinz Scythia Minor. Ein Beitrag zum spätantiken Urbanismus auf dem Balkan [The Christianisation of the cities of Scythia Minor. A contribution to late antique urbanism in the Balkans]. Wiesbaden: Reichert, , pp. 19–72.
  • Livia Buzoianu and Maria Barbulescu, "Tomis", in Dimitrios V. Grammenos and Elias K. Petropoulos (eds), * Ancient Greek Colonies in the Black Sea*, Vol. 1 (Oxford, Archaeopress, 2001) (BAR International Series; 1675 (1–2)), 287–336.

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