Central ǃKung
ǃKung variety of Namibia
title: "Central ǃKung" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["kxʼa-languages"] description: "ǃKung variety of Namibia" topic_path: "linguistics" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_ǃKung" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0
::summary ǃKung variety of Namibia ::
::data[format=table title="Infobox language"]
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| name | Central ǃKung |
| altname | Central ǃXun |
| states | Namibia |
| region | Grootfontein |
| speakers | ? |
| familycolor | Khoisan |
| fam1 | Kxʼa |
| fam2 | ǃKung |
| dia1 | Grootfontein ǃXuun |
| iso3 | none |
| glotto | cent2300 |
| glottorefname | Central Ju |
| notice | IPA |
| :: |
|name=Central ǃKung |altname=Central ǃXun |nativename= |states=Namibia |region=Grootfontein |speakers=? |date= |ref= |familycolor=Khoisan |fam1=Kxʼa |fam2=ǃKung |fam3= |dia1=Grootfontein ǃXuun |iso3=none |glotto=cent2300 |glottorefname=Central Ju |notice=IPA
Central ǃKung (Central ǃXun), or Central Ju, is a language of the ǃKung dialect cluster, spoken in a small area of northern Namibia: Neitsas, in Grootfontein district, and Gaub, in Tsumeb district. It is frequently identified as Grootfontein ǃXuun, as most research has been done in Grootfontein. An identifying feature of Central ǃKung is a fifth series of clicks that are often retroflex. While Northern (Northwestern) and Southern (Southeastern) ǃKung are not mutually intelligible, it is not yet clear to what extent Central ǃKung is intermediate between them or intelligible with either.
Dialects
Two dialects are identified as being Central ǃKung based on grammatical features:
- Central ǃKung
- (C1) Gaub (Tsumeb district, N Namibia)
- (C2) Neitsas (Grootfontein district, N Namibia)
In addition, the ǃKung dialects of Tsintsabis, Leeunes and Mangetti (different from Mangetti Dune) have retroflex clicks and so may belong here, though no grammatical information is available to classify them.
In Grootfontein ǃKung words which Doke (1926) and others have described as having retroflex clicks, Vedder (1910/1911) described a second series of lateral clicks in Gaub ǃKung. The retroflex clicks have also been reported as having a lateral release.
Phonology
Grootfontein ǃKung is unusual in having true retroflex clicks, which are subapical for some speakers and have lateral release, as in the word for 'water', (provisionally written g‼ú). There are thus five places of articulation in Grootfontein clicks, . These come in eight series, here represented with the retroflex articulation: :Lingual , glottalized , linguo-pulmonic , linguo-glottalic Otherwise, the Grootfontein inventory is similar to that of Ekoka ǃKung, except that it lacks the (pre)voiced affricates .
The Grootfontein ǃKung language has a relatively large phonological inventory:
Consonants
::data[format=table title="Grootfontein ǃKung consonant inventory{{Cite journal|last1=Scott|first1=Abigail|last2=Miller|first2=Amanda|last3=Namaseb|first3=Levi|last4=Sands|first4=Bonny|last5=Shah|first5=Sheena|date=June 2, 2010|title=Retroflex Clicks in Two Dialects of ǃXung|journal=University of Botswana, Department of African Languages}}"] | Labial | Alveolar | Post- alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | Nasal | voiced | aspirated | Plosive | voiceless | vl. aspirated | voiced | vd. aspirated | prenasal | Fricative | Affricate | voiceless | aspirated | ejective | Approximant | Clusters | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | () | () | | | () | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Plain + /χ/ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Plain + /χʼ/ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ::
::data[format=table title="Grootfontein ǃKung click consonant inventory"]
| Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Lateral | Voiceless | Vl. aspirated | Voiced | Vd. aspirated | Nasal | Nl. aspirated | Fortis | Ejective | Ej. aspirated | Clusters |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plain + /χ/ | ||||||||||||||
| Plain + /χʼ/ | ||||||||||||||
| Voiced + /χʼ/ | ||||||||||||||
| :: |
Vowels
Five vowel sounds in the ǃKung languages are realized as . The sounds may be articulated with nasalisation , breathy voice , or pharyngealisation . Some nasal vowels with diacritics may have combinations such as breathy + nasal , and pharyngeal + nasal .
Sample texts
Following are sample sentences in Central ǃKung.
|mí má kȍhà hŋ́ gǀȕì ō ǁȁhìn-ā ō hȁ ō gǀè gù ǀxūúnnu |1SG TOP MIR see hyena PURP tell-TR PURP CL1 PURP come catch.SG crocodile |"I must see the hyena to tell it to come catch the crocodile lying there."}}
|mtícē kwá bà ǀōā kē gǀè-ā g‼ȍhò |why Q 2SG NEG PAST come-TR work |"Why didn't you come to work?"}}
|hȁ má kò kē ǁȁn̏ kú cŋ̏ djūí kā hȁ ǁàȅ-ā tí kē TB ǁ'à-ān tí |CL1 TOP CE past NEG.IMP HAB.IMP drink beer CL4 CL1 hold-TR PAST TR tuberculosis sick-TR PAST |"He was not supposed to drink beer anymore because he had tuberculosis" [lit. he was held by TB sickness]}}
|hȁ má kò ǁáúlè ǃxō |CL1 TOP CE hunt elephant |"He is supposed to hunt elephants but he didn't."}}
|mí má kā ǁàȅ nǃùm̀ kā ŋ̄ŋ̀ kā-è cālā n‼á'm̀ g‼à è-tcā |1SG TOP PROG? hold rock CL4 PR CL4-REL NONFIRSTH.EV hit lie.down.PL 1PL.EX-DU |"I hold this rock so that it cannot fall down and kill us."}}
References
References
- (June 2, 2010). "Retroflex Clicks in Two Dialects of ǃXung". University of Botswana, Department of African Languages.
- König, Christa. (2013). "Perception and Cognition in Language and Culture".
::callout[type=info title="Wikipedia Source"] This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page. ::