Cedar Fire

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2003 wildfire in Southern California

title: "Cedar Fire" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["2003-california-wildfires", "history-of-san-diego-county,-california", "cleveland-national-forest", "cuyamaca-mountains", "urban-fires-in-the-united-states", "east-county-(san-diego-county)", "mountain-empire-(san-diego-county)", "october-2003-in-the-united-states", "november-2003-in-the-united-states", "december-2003-in-the-united-states"] description: "2003 wildfire in Southern California" topic_path: "history" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Fire" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary 2003 wildfire in Southern California ::

::data[format=table title="Infobox wildfire"]

FieldValue
titleCedar Fire
partofthe 2003 California wildfires
imageCalifornia fires October 2003.jpg
captionA dozen simultaneous wildfires in October 2003; the Cedar Fire is the group of large red dots right of center.
costAt least $1.331 billion (2003 USD)
date
locationSan Diego County, California, United States
coordinates
pushpin_mapUSA California San Diego County#USA California Southern
pushpin_map_captionLocation of Cedar Fire in Southern California
area273,246 acre
buildings
causeSignal fire
injuries113
fatalities
image_map
::

::callout[type=note] the 2003 Fire in San Diego County ::

|title = Cedar Fire |partof=the 2003 California wildfires |image = California fires October 2003.jpg |caption = A dozen simultaneous wildfires in October 2003; the Cedar Fire is the group of large red dots right of center. |reference = |cost = At least $1.331 billion (2003 USD) |date = |location = San Diego County, California, United States |coordinates = |pushpin_map = USA California San Diego County#USA California Southern | pushpin_map_caption = Location of Cedar Fire in Southern California |area = 273,246 acre |buildings = |cause = Signal fire |landuse = |injuries = 113 |fatalities = |perps = |motive = |image_map=

The Cedar Fire was a massive, highly-destructive wildfire, which burned 273,246 acre of land in San Diego County, California, during October and November 2003. The fire's rapid growth was driven by the Santa Ana winds, causing the fire to spread at a rate of 3600 acres per hour. By the time the fire was fully contained on November 4, it had destroyed 2,820 buildings (including 2,232 homes) and killed 15 people, including one firefighter. Hotspots continued to burn within the Cedar Fire's perimeter until December 5, 2003, when the fire was fully brought under control.

The fire remains one of the largest wildfires in California history and, as of January 2022, the ninth-largest wildfire in the state's modern history. According to CALFIRE, it is also the sixth-deadliest and fourth-most destructive wildfire in state history, causing just over $1.3 billion in damages. In November 2018, the Camp Fire (2018) surpassed the Tubbs Fire (which had previously surpassed the 1991 Oakland Firestorm and the Cedar Fire) to become the single most destructive wildfire in California history, in terms of the number of buildings destroyed. In December 2017, the Thomas Fire surpassed the Cedar Fire to become California's largest modern wildfire on record, before the Mendocino Complex Fire's Ranch Fire surpassed both fires to become the state's largest wildfire in August 2018.

Fire progression

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Wind_shifts.jpg" caption="Smoke from the fires drifts toward Arizona and Nevada, after the wind shifted on October 29"] ::

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/CedarFireI5.jpg" caption="Pacific Beach]], on the first morning of the fire"] ::

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Cedar_Fire_crosses_Interstate_15.jpg" caption="Drivers scramble up the embankment to escape from [[Interstate 15]], as the Cedar Fire crosses the freeway"] ::

The Cedar Fire began in the Cuyamaca Mountains within the Cleveland National Forest. It was first reported at 5:37p.m. PDT on October 25, 2003, to the south of Ramona in central San Diego County. At the time it began, at least eleven other wildfires were actively burning in Southern California. Within ten minutes of the initial report, the U.S. Forest Service had deployed 10 fire engines, two water tenders, two hand crews and two chief officers. Within 30 minutes, 320 firefighters and six fire chiefs were en route. An ASTREA helicopter of the San Diego County Sheriff's Department that was rescuing a hunter spotted the fire at about the same time as the first phone report was received and called for an air response. Another sheriff's helicopter equipped with a Bambi Bucket was dispatched to drop water on the fire. When the helicopter was only minutes away from the fire, a Forest Service fire chief cancelled the water drop because policy required the cutoff of aerial firefighting 30 minutes before sunset, a decision which was later severely criticized by the public, media, and other elected officials.

Between the time the fire started and midnight, the predicted strong easterly Santa Ana winds surfaced and the fire burned approximately 5,319 acres. By 3:00a.m., 62000 acre had burned. Overnight, the fast-moving fire killed 12 people living in Wildcat Canyon and Muth Valley in the northern part of Lakeside, who had little or no warning that the fire was approaching. The fire destroyed 39 homes on the Barona Indian Reservation. In only a few hours, the Cedar Fire pushed southwest over 30 mi and burned over 100000 acre at rates of up to 6000 acre per hour. The fire also crossed several large highways, including Interstate 15, and by noon on October 26, the fire was burning hundreds of homes in the Scripps Ranch community of San Diego, and was threatening many others.

On October 26, the fire forged into Alpine, Harbison Canyon, Lake Jennings and Crest, burning hundreds more homes in areas that had been devastated by the Laguna Fire 33 years earlier. By October 28, the strong easterly Santa Ana winds died down and the fire turned east, consuming another 114000 acre. The entire community of Cuyamaca, most of nearby Cuyamaca Rancho State Park, and more than 500 homes surrounding the town of Julian were destroyed.

On October 29, a group of firefighters attempting to defend a house in Riverwood Estates, near Santa Ysabel, became entrapped and overrun by the fire. One firefighter died. Another firefighter sustained severe injuries, and two others were hurt. Firefighters finally achieved full containment of the Cedar Fire on November 3, and the Cedar Fire was completely brought under control on December 5.

Impacts

In the wake of the 2003 firestorm, including the Cedar Fire, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger (Gray Davis was still governor) declared a state of emergency and activated the National Guard to assist in the disaster relief process. President George W. Bush declared Los Angeles, San Bernardino, San Diego and Ventura counties major disaster areas. Air travel in and around the region was also disrupted due to the effect on air traffic control radar.

San Diego's Qualcomm Stadium was used as an evacuation site, forcing the NFL to move the Monday Night Football game on October 27 between the San Diego Chargers and Miami Dolphins to Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe, Arizona. The decision to move the game to Arizona was made less than 24 hours before the game started, and admission was free.

Investigation

Investigators determined that the fire was started by Sergio Martinez of West Covina, California, a novice hunter who was unprepared for the local back country and had become disorientated after venturing into "thick and tall" brush. Martinez initially told investigators that he had fired a shot from his rifle to draw attention and that "sparks" from the shot had caused the fire.

After gathering branches and other flammable brush together, Martinez intentionally lit a large fire that he quickly lost control of, spreading to the surrounding Chaparral brush. The daily high temperature combined with low humidity & low moisture content of the highly flammable chaparral were ideal for a wildfire. At 8 p.m. local time the predicted evening Santa Ana winds blew hot and dry desert air from the east westward though the rugged terrain fanning the intense flames westward towards the residential areas of San Diego.

Two local Sheriff deputies searched for Martinez in a helicopter. They found him disoriented and confused, but he apologized for starting the fire while being transported in the helicopter.

Martinez was charged in federal court on October7, 2004 with setting the wildfire and lying about its cause to investigators. In November 2005, as part of a plea deal a federal judge sentenced Martinez to six months in a work-furlough program and ordered him to complete 960 hours (40 days) of community service. He also was sentenced to five years' probation and to pay $9,000 in restitution. As part of the plea bargain, prosecutors dropped the charge of lying to investigators.

Criticism of the response

Outdated policies

There were a number of controversies associated with the Cedar Fire, resulting in investigations lasting several years. A report, the 2003 San Diego County Fire Siege Fire Safety Review, prepared in the wake of the fire and presented to the Governor's Blue Ribbon Fire Commission, criticized the overall response. The report stated that though the fire conditions and severity should have been expected, the responsible agencies were not properly prepared when the fire broke out, and radio communications problems exacerbated the problem. The report stated that "Disorganization, inconsistent or outdated policies among agencies that grounded aircraft or caused other problems, and planning or logistics in disarray also marked the preliminary stages of the difficult, dangerous firefighting." With multiple fires already burning in the state, many local crews were already headed north to fight other fires and could not be recalled to assist with the Cedar Fire.

Forest Service issues

The turning away of the Sheriff's helicopters by the U.S. Forest Service in the fire's early stages came under severe criticism by the public, media and elected officials, believing that an opportunity to prevent the fire from becoming out of control had been lost. The federal government has an aviation assets "cutoff" policy which stated that "aircraft (planes or helicopters) may not be dispatched so as to arrive at an incident no later than 30 minutes before sunset". The helicopter pilot later claimed he could have made multiple water drops in the time he had before darkness. However, a study conducted by the Forest Service concluded that even if the helicopter had been able to drop multiple loads of water with direct hits on the flames, the impact on the fire would have been minimal.

Cutoff also prevented two air tankers and a helicopter stationed at Ramona Airport from being dispatched to the fire, although the tankers likely could not have been used anyway as the pilots had just spent seven hours fighting another fire, and FAA regulations stipulated that they could not continue to fly.

California Department of Forestry issues

A contributing factor to the initial lack of aviation resources to fight the fire was the California Department of Forestry's "no divert" policy, which allows incident commanders to dedicate certain resources to a particular fire; the policy applied to both airborne aircraft as well as those on the ground awaiting dispatch. At the time that the Cedar Fire started, there were already 11 other fires burning in the region. Aviation resources in the area were currently being held on the ground under a "no divert" declaration, in order to be available for structures' protection on another fire. However, weather and visibility at the other fire was precluding their use, so the aircraft sat idle, despite the fact that conditions were acceptable for their use on the Cedar Fire.

Both the media and local elected officials were also critical of the lack of use of military aviation assets located nearby at Camp Pendleton and Miramar. The U.S. Marine Corps operates CH-46 Sea Knight and CH-53 Sea Stallion helicopters that can carry water-dropping buckets, but existing policies prohibited their use until all other civilian resources were used. Additionally, the military aircraft radios were not compatible with those used by most state and local fire agencies, and the military pilots had not received any training in fire-specific operations, making them a potential safety hazard both to firefighters on the ground and other aircraft over the fire.

Fatalities

Fifteen people, including one firefighter, were killed by the fire. A survivor, Rudy Reyes, was burned over approximately 70% of his body. Many of those killed were trapped by the flames which were driven by 60 mph winds outpaced fleeing residents. Of those killed, 13 died in the first 24 hours of the fire. At least 10 people were trapped in their vehicles trying to outrun the flames, some of whom were disfigured to the point that identification was made based on their deceased dog's collars. On October 29, fire overran an engine crew from the Novato Fire District near the town of Julian, killing engineer Steven Rucker. The three other crewmembers sheltered in a house.

References

References

  1. "Cedar Fire Memorial".
  2. (November 5, 2003). "Cedar Fire".
  3. (January 13, 2022). "Top 20 Largest California Wildfires".
  4. (October 22, 2021). "Top 20 Deadliest California Wildfires". [[California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection.
  5. (January 13, 2022). "Top 20 Most Destructive California Wildfires". [[California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection.
  6. (August 2008). "California Wildfire: How Large Can The Losses Be?". AIRCurrents.
  7. "Top 20 CalFire".
  8. (November 8, 2003). "U.S. Forest Service, CDF defend actions". NC Times.
  9. "Cedar Fire map". [[The San Diego Union-Tribune]].
  10. "Cedar Fire - After Action Report".
  11. (October 24, 2004). "Cedar fire survivors either vow to rebuild or will never return". [[The San Diego Union-Tribune]].
  12. (4 November 2003). "California's search for wildfire solutions". [[The Christian Science Monitor]].
  13. (30 October 2003). "Hesitation is a fatal mistake as Calif. firestorm closes in". [[USA Today]].
  14. (October 29, 2003). "California wildfires burn through 600,000 acres". [[CNN]].
  15. "Colorado Firecamp - Cedar Fire, CDF Report, Summary of Events".
  16. (12 October 2008). "CNN.com - Southern California declared disaster area - Oct. 27, 2003". [[CNN]].
  17. (1 November 2003). "California wildfires raise social questions". www.wsws.org.
  18. (26 October 2003). "Fire crews battle to limit damage from raging wildfires".
  19. (26 October 2003). "Fires move Monday night game to Tempe".
  20. (29 October 2003). "Arson suspected in most of 10 fires / 2 men set Old Fire, witnesses say".
  21. (2 February 2005). "Cedar fire suspect claimed he would die".
  22. "Incident Summary Page for the 100 Fires Project".
  23. "Colorado Firecamp - Cedar Fire, Novato FPD Report, Lessons Learned".
  24. (January 7, 2005). "Judge is asked to deny bid for venue change in Cedar fire trial".
  25. Wan, William. (2004-08-25). "Hunter's Role in Cedar Fire Probed".
  26. (6 October 2004). "Hunter charged with starting Cedar fire North County Times - North San Diego and Southwest Riverside County News".
  27. (18 November 2005). "35-Year-Old Sentenced in Deadly Cedar Fire".
  28. (31 October 2007). "Hunter gets probation, halfway house term for setting Cedar fire North County Times - North San Diego and Southwest Riverside County News".
  29. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090513163213/http://www.fs.fed.us/r5/cleveland/documents/documents/sandiegocountyfinal.pdf ''2003 San Diego County Fire Siege Fire Safety Review'']
  30. (3 March 2004). "Firestorm report critical of policies, logistics".
  31. (2007). "Interagency Standards for Fire and Aviation Operations 2007, Chapter 17". National Interagency Fire Center.
  32. [http://www.californiachaparral.com/btalkradio.html Roger Hedgecock and the Cedar fire] {{Webarchive. link. (2018-12-16 - The [[California Chaparral Institute]] - including a ''San Diego Union-Tribune'' article from April 6, 2006 and comments from the following day's San Diego AM [[Roger Hedgecock]] show - Obtained August 31, 2007.)
  33. (13 September 2007). "CBSNews.com Who's Who Person".
  34. Spagat, Elliot. (January 10, 2004). "After October wildfires, two survivors begin long recovery". [[Arizona Daily Sun]].
  35. Raftery, Miriam. (October 27, 2013). "Flames that scorched community 10 years ago have forged strength in survivors, though scars remain". East County Magazine.
  36. (29 October 2003). "Cars Became Coffins for 10 Trying to Flee". The New York Times.
  37. (13 November 2003). "Firefighter hailed from near and far / 1,500 cohorts attend Steve Rucker's San Rafael memorial".
  38. "Cedar Fire, CDF Report, Overview". Colorado Firecamp.

::callout[type=info title="Wikipedia Source"] This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page. ::

2003-california-wildfireshistory-of-san-diego-county,-californiacleveland-national-forestcuyamaca-mountainsurban-fires-in-the-united-stateseast-county-(san-diego-county)mountain-empire-(san-diego-county)october-2003-in-the-united-statesnovember-2003-in-the-united-statesdecember-2003-in-the-united-states