Cahuilla

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Native American people, living in the inland areas of southern California

title: "Cahuilla" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["cahuilla", "mission-indians", "native-american-tribes-in-riverside-county,-california", "indigenous-peoples-of-california", "colorado-desert", "uto-aztecan-peoples"] description: "Native American people, living in the inland areas of southern California" topic_path: "geography/india" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahuilla" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Native American people, living in the inland areas of southern California ::

::data[format=table title="infobox ethnic group|"]

FieldValue
groupCahuilla
ʔívil̃uqaletem
imageEdward S. Curtis Collection People 056.jpg
captionDesert Cahuilla woman by Edward S. Curtis, 1926
population2010: 4,238 alone and in combination
popplaceUnited States United States California (California)
relsChristianity (Roman Catholic, Moravian, Protestant), and traditional tribal religion
langsEnglish, Spanish, Cahuilla language
relatedCupeño, Luiseño, Serrano, and Tongva
::

|group=Cahuilla ʔívil̃uqaletem |image= Edward S. Curtis Collection People 056.jpg |caption=Desert Cahuilla woman by Edward S. Curtis, 1926 |population= 2010: 4,238 alone and in combination |popplace=United States United States California (California) |rels=Christianity (Roman Catholic, Moravian, Protestant), and traditional tribal religion |langs=English, Spanish, Cahuilla language |related=Cupeño, Luiseño, Serrano, and Tongva The Cahuilla, also known as ʔívil̃uqaletem or Ivilyuqaletem, are a Native American people of the various tribes of the Cahuilla Nation, living in the inland areas of southern California. Their original territory encompassed about 2,400 sqmi. The traditional Cahuilla territory was near the geographic center of Southern California. It was bounded to the north by the San Bernardino Mountains,

Language and name

The Cahuilla language is in the Uto-Aztecan family. A 1990 census revealed 35 speakers in an ethnic population of 800. It is critically endangered, since most speakers are middle-aged or older. In their language, their autonym is ʔívil̃uqaletem, and the name of their language is ʔívil̃uʔat (Ivilyuat), but they also call themselves táxliswet, meaning "person". Cahuilla is an exonym applied to the group after mission secularization in the Ranchos of California. The word "Cahuilla" is probably from the Ivilyuat word kawiʔa, meaning "master."

Prehistory

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Cahuilla_kumeyaay_map.svg" caption="Historic distribution of Cahuilla"] ::

Oral legends suggest that when the Cahuilla first moved into the Coachella Valley, a large body of water that geographers call Lake Cahuilla existed. Fed by the Colorado River, it dried up sometime before 1700, after one of the repeated shifts in the river's course. In 1905 a break in a levee created the much smaller Salton Sea in the same location.

The Cahuilla lived off the land by using native plants. A notable tree whose fruits they harvested is the California fan palm. The Cahuilla also used palm leaves for basketry of many shapes, sizes, and purposes; sandals; and roofing thatch for dwellings. They lived in smaller groups than some other tribes.

History

The Cahuilla's first encounter with Europeans was in 1774, when Juan Bautista de Anza was looking for a trade route between Sonora and Monterey in Alta California. Living far inland, the Cahuilla had little contact with Spanish soldiers, priests, or missionaries. Many European settlers and tradespeople viewed the desert as of little or no value and to be avoided. The Cahuilla learned of Spanish missions and their culture from Indians living close to missions in San Gabriel and San Diego. The Cahuilla provided security against the raids of the tribes from the desert and mountains on its herds for the vaqueros who worked for the owners of the Rancho San Bernardino.

The Cahuilla did not encounter Anglo-Americans until the 1840s. Chief Juan Antonio, leader of the Cahuilla Mountain Band, gave traveler Daniel Sexton access to areas near the San Gorgonio Pass in 1842. The Mountain Band also lent support to a U.S. Army expedition led by Lieutenant Edward Fitzgerald Beale, defending it against attacks by Wakara and his band of Ute warriors. ::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/PSM_V37_D487_Modern_hut_of_mission_indians_in_coahuila_valley.jpg" caption="19th century Cahuilla hut"] ::

During the Mexican–American War, Juan Antonio led his warriors to join Californios led by José del Carmen Lugo in attacking their traditional enemy, the Luiseño. Lugo led this action in retaliation for the Pauma Massacre, in which the Luiseno had killed 11 Californios. The combined forces staged an ambush and killed 33–40 Luiseno warriors, an event that became known as the Temecula Massacre of 1847. (Historians disagree on the exact number of deaths; Luiseno oral tradition holds that more than 100 warriors were killed.) In the treaty ending the war with Mexico, the US promised to honor Mexican land grants and policies. These included recognition of Native American rights to inhabit certain lands, but European-American encroachment on Indian lands became an increasing problem after the US annexed California.

During the 1850s, the Cahuilla came under increasing pressure from waves of European-American migrants because of the California Gold Rush. In 1851, Juan Antonio led his warriors in the destruction of the Irving Gang, a group of bandits that had been looting the San Bernardino Valley. After the outcome of the Irving Gang incident, in late 1851, Juan Antonio, his warriors and their families, moved eastward from Politana toward the San Gorgonio Pass and settled in a valley that branched off to the northeast from San Timoteo Canyon, at a village named Saahatpa.

In addition to the influx of Anglo-American miners, ranchers and outlaws, and groups of Mormon colonists, the Cahuilla came into conflict with the neighboring Cupeño tribe to the west. In November 1851, the Garra Revolt occurred, wherein the Cupeno leader Antonio Garra attempted to bring Juan Antonio into his revolt. Juan Antonio, friendly to the Americans, was instrumental in capturing Garra, ending that revolt.

When the California Senate refused to ratify an 1852 treaty granting the Cahuilla control of their land, some tribal leaders resorted to attacks on approaching settlers and soldiers. Juan Antonio did not participate in this as long as he lived.

To encourage the railroad, the U.S. government subdivided the lands into one-mile-square sections, giving the Indians every other section. In 1877 the government established reservation boundaries, which left the Cahuilla with only a small portion of their traditional territories. ::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Agua_Caliente_Indian_woman,_Nievas_Chaves,_with_a_metate_stone,1903(CHS-3833).jpg" caption="Cahuilla woman and children (1903)"] ::

The Cahuilla have intermarried with non-Cahuilla for the past century. A high proportion of today's Cahuilla tribal members have mixed ancestry, especially Spanish and African American. People who have grown up in the tribe's ways and identify culturally with the Cahuilla may qualify for official tribal membership by the tribe's internal rules. Each federally recognized tribe sets its own rules for membership.

Culture

Cuisine

While Cahuilla men engaged in hunting deer and rabbits, the tribe relied more heavily on desert vegetation for sustenance. Acorns held significance for the Cahuilla; however, due to the scarcity of water and the arid environment in the desert, oak trees were not prevalent in much of their territory. A more frequently consumed food among the desert inhabitants was the fruit of the mesquite tree, which possesses deep roots that access water. During the summer months, the green bean pods from this tree were processed into a beverage. The tribe also utilized agave and yucca plants as food sources. Various desert cacti yielded edible fruits, as did the palm tree. The Cahuilla harvested seeds from juniper and pine trees, in addition to chia seeds and seeds from other plants. Furthermore, several types of berries were dried and ground into a meal.

Current status

Today Palm Springs and the surrounding areas are experiencing rapid development. The Agua Caliente Band of the Cahuilla is an important player in the local economy, operating an array of business enterprises, including land leasing, hotel and casino operations, and banking.

The Agua Caliente Indian Reservation occupies 126.706 km2 in the Palm Springs area, including parts of the cities of Palm Springs, Cathedral City, and Rancho Mirage. The total population living on its territory was 21,358 as of the 2000 census, although few of these are registered tribal members.

The Morongo Band of Mission Indians, also considered part of the Cahuilla nation, operates the Morongo Casino, Resort & Spa, as well as the Hadley Fruit Orchards in Cabazon. The Morongo Casino is one of the largest Indian casinos in the United States. The Morongo Indian Reservation is in northern Riverside County. The city of Banning and community of Cabazon both extend partially onto reservation land. The reservation has a land area of 127.083 km2, with a resident population of 954, the majority of Native American heritage. ::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Augustine_Tribal_Executive_Office.jpg" caption="Augustine Band"] ::

Smaller bands of Cahuilla are in Southern California: the Augustine Band in Coachella (their village was La Mesa in the 1880s-90s); the Cabazon Band in Indio (their one-square-mile reservation now "Sonora-Lupine Lanes" in Old Town Indio); the Cabazon Reservations in Indio, Coachella, and Mecca (separate from Cabazon band); the Cahuilla Band in Anza; the Los Coyotes Band in Warner Springs (San Diego County); the Ramona Indian Reservation in Pine Meadow; Santa Rosa Indian Reservation in Pinyon; the Twentynine Palms Band in Twentynine Palms, Indio, and Coachella ("Dates Lane" community); the Torres-Martinez Band in La Quinta (was Rancho Santa Carmelita in Spanish-Mexican-1850s California times), Coachella, Thermal, Mecca, and Oasis; and the Mission Creek Reservation in Desert Hot Springs.

The Torres-Martinez tribe has offices throughout Southern California, offering TANF (Temporary Assistance for Needy Families) benefits for members. They are in Imperial Valley (El Centro), Blythe, Riverside, San Bernardino, Victorville, Palmdale, San Diego, Orange County (Santa Ana), Pomona, and Los Angeles. This is a result of Cahuilla migration to farming and factory jobs in the second half of the 20th century.

The ethnic composition of the Cahuilla descendants is like that of many other Americans: mixed with European (especially Anglo/Irish-American and Spanish), African American, Asian-American (from historic interaction with Chinese railroad workers and Filipino farm laborers), and other tribal groups, mainly Apache migrant workers from Arizona. Some Cahuilla families continue to intermarry with local populations; others try to marry within Native American tribes.

To recognize Cahuilla history and cultural heritage, the University of California, Riverside, located on historically Cahuilla land, has created a land acknowledgment mentioning the Cahuilla and other local Indigenous peoples.

Federally recognized tribes

Anthropologists have historically divided the Cahuilla into "Mountain," "Desert," and "(San Gorgonio) Pass" or "Western" groups. Today, there are nine Southern California reservations that are acknowledged homes to bands of Cahuilla. These are in Imperial, Riverside, and San Diego Counties and are the territory of federally recognized tribes.

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Chief_Meyers_baseball_card.jpg" caption="John Tortes "Chief" Meyers]] was a catcher in [[major league baseball"] ::

The Cahuilla bands (sometimes called "villages") are:

"Pass" Cahuilla or "Western" Cahuilla (on San Gorgonio Pass, centering in Palm Springs and Palm Desert in Coachella Valley, wandering north to Desert Hot Springs)

Notable Cahuilla

References

Sources

  • Bean, Lowell John. (1978) "Cahuilla", in California, edited by Robert F. Heizer, pp. 575–587. Handbook of North American Indians, William C. Sturtevant, general editor, vol. 8. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
  • Bean, Lowell John, Sylvia Brakke Vane, and Jackson Young. (1991) The Cahuilla Landscape: The Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains. Menlo Park, CA: Ballena Press
  • Hogan, C. Michael. 2009. California Fan Palm: Washingtonia filifera, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg
  • Kroeber, A. L. (1925) Handbook of the Indians of California. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. 78. Washington, D.C.
  • James, Harry C. (1969) The Cahuilla Indians, Banning, CA: Malki Museum Press, .

References

  1. "Census 2010".
  2. [http://infodome.sdsu.edu/research/guides/calindians/calinddict.shtml#c "California Indians and Their Reservations.] ''SDSU Library and Information Access.'' {{webarchive. link. (February 5, 2009)
  3. to the south by [[Borrego Springs, California. Borrego Springs]] and the [[Chocolate Mountains]], to the east by the [[Colorado Desert]], and to the west by the [[San Jacinto Mountains. San Jacinto Plain]] and the eastern slopes of the [[Palomar Mountain Range. Palomar Mountains]].Bean, 1978
  4. (1979). "Cahuilla Dictionary". Malki Museum Press.
  5. C. Michael Hogan. 2009
  6. "A Native American Encyclopedia".
  7. "Cahuilla - California Indians".
  8. "Office of Diversity, Equity & Inclusion".
  9. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170904092929/http://malkimuseum.org/about/ Malki Museum]
  10. [https://archive.org/details/cahuillasantaros00bean][[Lowell John Bean]], Sylvia Brakke Vane, and Jackson Young: The Cahuilla and the Santa Rosa Mountain region: ''places and their Native American associations :a review of published and unpublished sources''
  11. [[Whitewater, California]] named after the nearby Whitewater River is known to the local Cahuilla people as ''Kíš čáwal''
  12. [http://www.missioncreektribe.net/ Mission Creek Band, Village of Indians, Mission Creek Reservation]
  13. once home to several Mountain Cahuilla clans (Costakiktum, Natcutakiktum, Pauatiauitcem, Pauata-kiktum, Tepamokiktum, and Temewhanic) under the leadership of [[Juan Antonio (Cahuilla). Chief Juan Antonio]] of the Costakiktum clan, the [[José del Carmen Lugo. Lugo family]] invited these Mountain Cahuilla to settle in [[Politana, California]] to replace the New Mexicans as guardians of their herds against enemy Mojave Indians (1846)
  14. [http://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/anthpubs/ucb/text/ucp026-001.pdf William Duncan Strong: Aboriginal Society in Southern California]
  15. Desert Cahuilla Chief Cabazon (a Spanish nickname which means "stubborn" or "big-headed") also joined in alliance with the [[Californios]]
  16. [https://escholarship.org/content/qt5210d8sk/qt5210d8sk.pdf Richard Lando & : Ruby E. Modesto: Temal Wakhish: A Desert Cahuilla Village]
  17. [http://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/anthpubs/ucb/text/ucp014-003.pdf Edward Winslow Gifford: Clans and Moities in Southern California]
  18. [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.912.3814&rep=rep1&type=pdf Larea Lewis: The Desert Cahuilla: A Study of Cultural Landscapes and Historic Settlements]
  19. CARRICO, RICHARD L.. (Summer 1980). "San Diego Indians and the Federal Government Years of Neglect, 1850-1865". San Diego Historical Society.

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cahuillamission-indiansnative-american-tribes-in-riverside-county,-californiaindigenous-peoples-of-californiacolorado-desertuto-aztecan-peoples