Bush Six

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Group of former United States government officials

title: "Bush Six" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["quantified-groups-of-defendants", "george-w.-bush-administration-controversies", "spain–united-states-relations", "iraq-war-legal-issues", "spain-in-the-iraq-war"] description: "Group of former United States government officials" topic_path: "geography/united-states" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_Six" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Group of former United States government officials ::

The Bush Six are six former officials of the United States government under the presidency of George W. Bush (2001–09) against whom criminal charges were filed in Spain in 2009 by Baltasar Garzón. |url=http://jicj.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/mqp077?ijkey=ATpEUsad4WQbfcB&keytype=ref |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415203700/http://jicj.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/mqp077?ijkey=ATpEUsad4WQbfcB&keytype=ref |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-04-15 |title=Universal Jurisdiction in Practice: Efforts to Hold Donald Rumsfeld and Other High-level United States Officials Accountable for Torture |publisher=Journal of International Criminal Justice |year=2009 |author=Katherine Gallagher |access-date=2010-04-08 |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=1087–1116 |url = https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplay&crawlid=1&doctype=cite&docid=42%20Case%20W.%20Res.%20J.%20Int%27l%20L.%20405&srctype=smi&srcid=3B15&key=0b3032f09b86bdb4d19a752a4ea4a934 |title = Accountability for the Torture Memo: Prosecuting Guantanamo in Europe: Can and Shall the Masterminds of the "Torture Memos" Be Held Criminally Responsible on the Basis of Universal Jurisdiction? |publisher = Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law |year = 2009 |author = Kai Ambos |author-link = Kai Ambos |access-date = 2010-04-08 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231246/https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplay&crawlid=1&doctype=cite&docid=42+Case+W.+Res.+J.+Int'l+L.+405&srctype=smi&srcid=3B15&key=0b3032f09b86bdb4d19a752a4ea4a934 |archive-date = March 3, 2016 |df = mdy-all |url = http://www.prospect.org/csnc/blogs/tapped_archive?month=03&year=2009&base_name=lightning_round_imcompetent_or |title = Lightning round: Incompetent or evil? |magazine = American Prospect |author = Mori Dinauer |date = March 30, 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110917004324/http://prospect.org/csnc/blogs/tapped_archive?month=03&year=2009&base_name=lightning_round_imcompetent_or |archive-date = September 17, 2011 |url-status = dead |df = mdy-all |url = http://www.newyorker.com/talk/2009/04/13/090413ta_talk_mayer |title = The Bush Six |magazine = The New Yorker |author = Jane Mayer |author-link = Jane Mayer |date = April 13, 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090409010922/http://www.newyorker.com/talk/2009/04/13/090413ta_talk_mayer |archive-date = April 9, 2009 |url-status = dead |df = mdy-all |url = http://washingtonindependent.com/38531/bush-six-to-be-indicted-today-in-spain |title = Bush Six to Be Indicted Today (In Spain) |publisher = Washington Independent |date = April 14, 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090418173241/http://washingtonindependent.com/38531/bush-six-to-be-indicted-today-in-spain |author = Daphne Eviator |archive-date = April 18, 2009 |url-status = dead |df = mdy-all |url = http://www.valparaisotimes.cl/content/view/514/1/ |author = Steve Anderson |date = April 13, 2009 |title = The Bush Six – The Chile connection: Is There A Silver Lining In The Dark Clouds? |publisher = Valparaiso Times |archive-url = https://archive.today/20240524085750/https://www.webcitation.org/5g1y970uy?url=http://www.valparaisotimes.cl/content/view/514/1/ |archive-date = May 24, 2024 |url-status = dead |df = mdy-all |url = http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2009/04/report-the-bush.html |title = Report: The "Bush Six" to Be Indicted by Spanish Prosecutors |work = ABC News |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090417120353/http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2009/04/report-the-bush.html |archive-date = April 17, 2009 |date = April 14, 2009 |author = Jake Tapper |url-status = dead |df = mdy-all |url=http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=32195 |title=Analysts expect US torturers to be brought to justice in long run despite current delays, setbacks |publisher=Middle East Online |date=May 21, 2009 |author=Amy Goodman |access-date=2010-04-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612160529/http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=32195 |archive-date=June 12, 2011 |df=mdy |url=http://www.publico.es/internacional/249176/barrera/legal/juzgar/espana?orden=FECHA&asc=no&aleatorio=0.5 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130213055025/http://www.publico.es/internacional/249176/barrera/legal/juzgar/espana?orden=FECHA&asc=no&aleatorio=0.5 |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 13, 2013 |title=No hay barrera legal para juzgar en España |work=Público |location=Portugal |date=June 9, 2009 |author=Pere Rusiñol |access-date=2010-04-08 }} After appeal of lower court ruling that proceedings could move forward, Spain's National Court dismissed the case for lack of jurisdiction. In closing the investigation, Judge applied reforms to the universal jurisdiction law introduced by the then-Conservative government which imposed new limits on the jurisdiction of Spanish courts that require that cases involve suspects who are Spanish citizens or are living in Spain.

History

In March 2009, Baltasar Garzón was asked to consider whether Spain should allow charges to be filed against:

Jane Mayer, writing in The New Yorker, reported that Philippe Sands had predicted that charges would be laid against the six men back in his 2008 book Torture Team. Mayer reported that after hearing news of the Spanish charges, Sands told her, "This is the end of these people’s professional reputations! This is no joke. We’re talking about the serious potential deprivation of liberty."

Scott Horton, writing in The Daily Beast, reported on April 13, 2009 that his sources said formal charges would be filed on April 14, 2009. |url = http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and-stories/2009-04-13/the-bush-six-to-be-indicted/ |title = Bush Six to be indicted |website = The Daily Beast |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090417030348/http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and-stories/2009-04-13/the-bush-six-to-be-indicted |date = April 13, 2009 |author = Scott Horton |author-link = Scott Horton (lawyer) |archive-date = April 17, 2009 |url-status = dead |df = mdy-all |url = http://blog.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2009/04/14/spain_to_indict_the_bush_six_over_torture |title = Spain to indict the "Bush Six" over torture |work = Foreign Policy |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090417064210/http://blog.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2009/04/14/spain_to_indict_the_bush_six_over_torture |archive-date = April 17, 2009 |date = April 14, 2009 |author = Annie Lowery |url-status = dead |df = mdy-all Horton reported that Garzón had been urged to allow another judge, Ismail Moreno, to conduct the case, because he was still involved in the possible prosecution of Spanish former Guantanamo captives. Paul Havens, reporting for the Associated Press reported that an unnamed source within the Spanish prosecutors office had told him that the charges would be filed during the week of April 14, 2009. |url = https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gw5KhIf6dRlptgQeY7ytP_39edTQD97I9JOO0 |date = April 14, 2009 |author = Paul Havens |title = Decision likely in US torture case in Spain |agency = Associated Press |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090418205650/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gw5KhIf6dRlptgQeY7ytP_39edTQD97I9JOO0 |archive-date = April 18, 2009 |url-status = dead |df = mdy-all CNN, also quoting an unnamed source within the Spanish prosecutor's office, reported that charges were not expected for several days. |url = http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/04/14/gonzales.spain.gitmo/ |title = Spanish court to decide over Bush officials trial |publisher = CNN |date = April 14, 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090421183438/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/04/14/gonzales.spain.gitmo/ |archive-date = April 21, 2009 |url-status = dead |df = mdy-all

Spanish Attorney General drops the charges

On April 16, 2009, the Spanish Attorney General, Cándido Conde-Pumpido stated he thought the Spanish investigative magistrate should drop the consideration of charges against the six men. |url = http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/04/16/spain.guantanamo/ |title = Prosecutor: Drop case against Bush officials |publisher = CNN |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090419014038/http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/04/16/spain.guantanamo/ |date = April 16, 2009 |archive-date = April 19, 2009 |url-status = dead |df = mdy-all "Prosecutor: Drop case against Bush officials". CNN. April 16, 2009. Archived from the original on April 19, 2009.

Under the Spanish justice system, investigating magistrates like Garzón are not under the authority of the Attorney General, and he can continue to consider laying charges even though the Attorney General has advised against it. On April 23, 2009, Eloy Velasco took over responsibility for determining whether or not the six former Bush officials should face Spanish charges. |url = http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/04/23/spain.court.guantanamo/ |title = Spanish court sends Guantanamo case to new judge |date = April 23, 2009 |author = Al Goodman |publisher = CNN |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090503132622/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/04/23/spain.court.guantanamo/ |archive-date = May 3, 2009 |url-status = dead |df = mdy-all}}

The Guardian reported on April 29, 2009, that Garzón initiated a formal investigation into whether confessions from four former Guantanamo captives was the result of the use of abusive interrogation techniques.{{cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/29/spain-court-guantanamo-detainees-torture |title = Spanish court opens investigation of Guantánamo torture allegations |date = April 29, 2009 |author = Giles Tremblett |work = The Guardian |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090502155938/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/apr/29/spain-court-guantanamo-detainees-torture |archive-date = May 2, 2009 |location = London |url-status = dead |df = mdy-all |url = https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iAI5j8L_T9-ohjwCcZOXPT7Bf95g |title = Spanish judge opens probe into Guantanamo torture |date = April 29, 2009 |agency = Agence France-Presse |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120116063649/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iAI5j8L_T9-ohjwCcZOXPT7Bf95g |archive-date = January 16, 2012 |url-status = dead |df = mdy-all |url = http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/geraldwarner/9658403/Spanish_judge_uses_memos_released_by_Barack_Obama_to_pursue_Bush_officials/ |title = Spanish judge uses memos released by Barack Obama to pursue Bush officials |date = April 29, 2009 |author = Gerald Warner |work = The Daily Telegraph |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090503234856/http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/gerald_warner/blog/2009/04/29/spanish_judge_uses_memos_released_by_barack_obama_to_pursue_bush_officials |archive-date = May 3, 2009 |location = London |url-status = dead |df = mdy-all The four men: Hamed Abderrahman Ahmed, Lahcen Ikassrien, Jamiel Abdul Latif al Banna and Omar Deghayes, had previously faced charges in Spanish courts, based on confessions they made while in US custody. Their charges had been dropped based on their claims that their confessions were false and were the result of abusive interrogation techniques.

On May 5, 2009, Investigating Magistrate Eloy Velasco formally requested the US to indicate whether they were going to conduct a domestic inquiry into the six men's conduct. |url = https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gw5KhIf6dRlptgQeY7ytP_39edTQD9803BI84 |title = Spanish judge asks US if it will probe torture |date = May 5, 2009 |author = Daniel Woolls |agency = Associated Press |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090522054522/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gw5KhIf6dRlptgQeY7ytP_39edTQD9803BI84 |archive-date = May 22, 2009 |url-status = dead |df = mdy-all Spain's principle of universal justice allows third party states to charge non-citizens, and request their extradition, only when their country of citizenship has not conducted its own investigation.

On May 20, 2009, The New York Times reported that some Spanish legislators were proposing a law to strip investigating magistrates of the authority to pursue international human rights cases. |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/21/world/europe/21spain.html?bl&ex=1243051200&en=5e6557f1159edce7&ei=5087%0A |title = Push in Spain to Limit Reach of the Courts |date = May 20, 2009 |author = Victoria Burkett |author2 = Marlise Simons |work = The New York Times |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220611191735/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/21/world/europe/21spain.html?bl&ex=1243051200&en=5e6557f1159edce7&ei=5087%0A |archive-date = June 11, 2022 |url-status = dead |df = mdy-all}}

This law, however, would not retroactively put an end to the progress of current cases. It would merely have stopped the initiation of similar cases. According to historian Andy Worthington (writing in the Huffington Post), Spanish newspaper Público had reported that Garzón was proceeding to the next phase of his investigation.{{cite news |url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/andy-worthington/spanish-judge-resumes-tor_b_279451.html |title = Spanish Judge Resumes Torture Case Against Six Senior Bush Lawyers |date = September 8, 2009 |author = Andy Worthington |author-link = Andy Worthington |work = Huffington Post |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090911153820/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/andy-worthington/spanish-judge-resumes-tor_b_279451.html |archive-date = September 11, 2009 |url-status = dead |df = mdy-all}} In February 2011, Judge Ruz rejected a Spanish prosecutor's effort to stop the investigation.

U.S. embassy cables

Numerous embassy cables leaked by the whistle-blowing website WikiLeaks centered on the progression of the case.

The cable reveals that Chief Prosecutor Javier Zaragoza intended to steer the case away from its assignment to Judge Baltasar Garzón who is well-known for investigating a universal jurisdiction case targeting Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet and has been an outspoken critic of the Guantanamo Bay detention facility. Garzón publicly stated that former President George W. Bush should be tried for war crimes. Garzón was "forced to give up" the case against the Bush Six to another judge who declined to pursue the investigation. Garzón, however, continued an investigation into torture at Guantanamo Bay and U.S. Officials indicated in a cable they feared he may, "attempt to wring all the publicity he can from the case unless and until he is forced to give it up."

United States Senators Mel Martinez (R-FL) and Judd Gregg (R-NH) lobbied on behalf of the U.S. government position as summarized in an embassy cable sent on April 17, 2009. Senator Martinez warned that, "the prosecutions would neither be understood nor accepted in the U.S. and would have an enormous impact on the bilateral relationship." Spanish Foreign Minister Angel Losada was quoted as saying that the "National Court had broad jurisdiction for universal justice and that there was no political influence on the judicial process."

References

References

  1. [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123993430198528009] {{Webarchive. link. (March 14, 2016 Two Wins in the Terror War. The Wall Street Journal. April 17, 2009.)
  2. Martin de Pozuelo, Eduardo. (2010-11-30). "EE.UU. intentó frenar la investigación de Garzón sobre Guantánamo". La Vanguardia.
  3. Rosenberg, Carol. (December 28, 2010). "WikiLeaks: How U.S. tried to stop Spain's torture probe". The Miami Herald.
  4. Tremlett, Giles. (November 30, 2010). "Wikileaks: US pressured Spain over CIA rendition and Guantánamo torture". The Guardian.

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