Brush Park

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title: "Brush Park" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["historic-districts-in-detroit", "midtown-detroit", "neighborhoods-in-detroit", "historic-districts-on-the-national-register-of-historic-places-in-michigan", "michigan-state-historic-sites-in-wayne-county,-michigan", "national-register-of-historic-places-in-detroit", "houses-in-detroit"] topic_path: "general/historic-districts-in-detroit" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brush_Park" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::data[format=table title="Infobox NRHP"]

FieldValue
nameWoodward East Historic District
nrhp_typehd
imageBrush Park, Detroit, MI.jpg
captionStreetscape on Edmund Place
locationDetroit, Michigan, U.S.
coordinates
mapframeyes
mapframe-markerbuilding
mapframe-zoom13
mapframe-captionInteractive map
architectHenry T Brush, Gordon W Lloyd, Mortimer L Smith, Julius Hess, Alamon C Varney, John V Smith, Albert Kahn.
architectureLate Victorian, French Renaissance Revival, Second Empire, Italianate
addedJanuary 21, 1975
refnum75000973
nocatyes
designated_other1Michigan State Historic Site
designated_other1_dateSeptember 17, 1974
designated_other1_num_positionbottom
::

| name = Woodward East Historic District | nrhp_type = hd | image = Brush Park, Detroit, MI.jpg | caption = Streetscape on Edmund Place | location = Detroit, Michigan, U.S. | coordinates = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-marker = building | mapframe-zoom = 13 | mapframe-caption = Interactive map | area = | architect = Henry T Brush, Gordon W Lloyd, Mortimer L Smith, Julius Hess, Alamon C Varney, John V Smith, Albert Kahn. | architecture = Late Victorian, French Renaissance Revival, Second Empire, Italianate | added = January 21, 1975 | refnum = 75000973 | nocat = yes | designated_other1 = Michigan State Historic Site | designated_other1_date = September 17, 1974 | designated_other1_number = | designated_other1_num_position = bottom ::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Brush_park_1897_Original.png" caption="Brush Park map made from piecing together smaller maps dated 1897, obtained from the [https://www.loc.gov/maps/?q=Detroit Library of Congress website]."] ::

The Brush Park Historic District is a neighborhood located in Detroit, Michigan. It is bounded by Mack Avenue on the north, Woodward Avenue on the west, Beaubien Street on the east, and the Fisher Freeway on the south. The Woodward East Historic District, a smaller historic district completely encompassed by the larger Brush Park neighborhood, is located on Alfred, Edmund, and Watson Streets, from Brush Street to John R. Street, and is recognized by the National Register of Historic Places.

Originally part of a French ribbon farm, Brush Park was developed beginning in the 1850s as an upscale residential neighborhood for Detroit's elite citizens by entrepreneur Edmund Askin Brush. Dozens of Victorian mansions were built there during the final decades of the nineteenth century, and Brush Park was nicknamed "Little Paris" due to its elegant architecture. The neighborhood's heyday didn't last long, however: by the early twentieth century most of is affluent residents started moving to more modern, quieter districts, and Brush Park was quickly populated by members of Detroit's fast-growing working class. Severely affected by depopulation, blight and crime during the 1970s and 1980s, the neighborhood is currently experiencing restorations of its historic buildings and luring new residents.

History

Early years

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/FARMER(1884)_Detroit,_p483_RESIDENCE_OF_PHILO_PARSONS,_530_WOODWARD_AVE._BUILT_IN_1876.jpg" caption="The Philo Parsons residence, designed by architect [[Elijah E. Myers]] and completed in 1876, was located at the south corner of Woodward Avenue and Watson Street. Was demolished for the 1936 Woodward widening."] ::

|image1=First Presbyterian Church 1906 - Detroit Michigan.jpg |image2=First Unitarian Church Detroit1906.jpg |footer=First Presbyterian Church (left) and First Unitarian Church, c. 1906 ::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/BethEl1905.jpg" caption="p=61}}"] ::

Beginning in the 1850s, entrepreneur Edmund Askin Brush, son of Elijah, began developing his family's property, located conveniently close to downtown, into a neighborhood for Detroit's elite citizens. The first street, named after Colonel John Winder, was opened in 1852; the other streets followed soon afterwards (Adelaide in 1853, Alfred in 1869, Edmund in 1867) and were mainly named after members of the Brush family. The area was developed with care: the land directly facing Woodward Avenue was subdivided into large and expensive lots, soon occupied by religious buildings and opulent mansions rivaling those built along East Jefferson Avenue and West Fort Street, while the land to the east was partitioned into relatively smaller, fifty feet wide parcels. Severe restrictions required the construction of high-end, elegant mansions, giving a uniform and exclusive character to the neighborhood. In the late 19th century, Brush Park became known as the "Little Paris of the Midwest."

Architects who designed these mansions included Julius Hess, Henry T. Brush, George D. Mason, Gordon W Lloyd, Elijah E Myers, Martin A Edwards George W. Nettleton, and Albert Kahn. Homes were built in Brush Park beginning in the 1860s and peaking in the 1870s and 1880s; one of the last homes built was constructed in 1906 by Albert Kahn for his personal use. Other early residents of Brush Park included lumber baron David Whitney Jr. and his daughter, Grace Whitney Evans; businessman Dexter M. Ferry; Joseph L. Hudson, founder of the eponymous department store; Fulton Iron Works founder Delos Rice; lumber baron Lucien S. Moore; banker Frederick Butler; merchant John P. Fiske; Dime Savings Bank president William Livingstone Jr.; and dry goods manufacturer Ransom Gillis.

In the 1890s the character of the subdivision began to change, as many prominent members of the local German Jewish community moved to Brush Park. This period of the neighborhood's history is recorded by the neoclassical Temple Beth-El, designed by Albert Kahn for the Reform Congregation and constructed in 1902. Around the same time, Brush Park saw the construction of its first apartment buildings. Some of the neighborhood's earliest examples of this type of structure were the Luben Apartments, built in 1901 by architect Edwin W. Gregory and demolished in 2010, and the Alfred Apartments, built in 1903 by architect Alamon C. Varney and demolished in 1930s. These apartments featured large and sumptuous units, and their design blended with those of the surrounding mansions; however, the construction of apartment buildings undoubtedly represented a decrease in the quality of Brush Park's building stock.

Decline

The neighborhood began to decline at the turn of the 20th century, when the advent of streetcars and then automobiles allowed prosperous citizens to live farther from downtown: early residents moved out, notably to up-and-coming districts such as Indian Village and Boston–Edison, and Brush Park became less fashionable. The Woodward Avenue frontage rapidly lost its residential character, as the lavish mansions were demolished to make way for commercial buildings; those that survived were demolished in the 1935 Woodward widening. Throughout the subdivision, homes were converted to apartments or rooming houses – often with the construction of two- and three-story rear additions – to accommodate workers of the booming automobile industry, and dozens of structures were razed for surface parking lots. By 1921, all of the homes on Alfred Street were apartments or rooming houses.

By the 1930s many African Americans had moved into the area; as a result, Brush Park became home to a vibrant black community, together with the nearby Black Bottom–Paradise Valley area. African American institutions located in Brush Park included St. Peter Claver, the first Catholic parish for African Americans in Detroit, established in 1914 in the former St. Mary's Episcopal church at Beaubien and Eliot; the Most Worshipful Mt. Sinai Grand Lodge, a black masonic lodge located at 312 Watson; and the Mercy General Hospital and Clinic. Mercy Hospital was the first black-owned hospital in Detroit; founded by Dr. David Northcross in 1917, it was originally located at 248 Winder Street, and later relocated to 668 Winder.

The Great Depression and the racial tensions of the 1940s (part of the 1943 race riot took place in the streets of Brush Park) led to a rapid deterioration of the neighborhood. Longtime resident Russell McLauchlin described Brush Park's decline in the preface to his book Alfred Street (1946):

::quote [Alfred Street] is now in what city-planners call a blighted area. The elms were long ago cut down. No representative of the old neighbor families remains. The houses, mostly standing as they stood a half-century ago, are dismal structures. Some have night-blooming grocery stores in their front yards. Some have boarded windows. All stand in bitter need of paint and repair. It is a desolate street; a scene of poverty and chop-fallen gloom; possibly of worse things. ::

Starting in the 1960s, many of the buildings became unoccupied and fell into disrepair; however, the neighborhood maintained much of its historical integrity, and some attempts were made to preserve it. The first serious redevelopment plan in Brush Park's history was the Woodward East Renaissance project, planned to be completed in 1976, America's bicentennial year. The ambitious plan included restoring the surviving historic mansions and erecting modern residential buildings on the empty lots, but it was left unrealized due to disorganization. The area bounded by Alfred, Brush, Watson, and John R. Streets, named Woodward East Historic District, was designated a Michigan State Historic Site on September 17, 1974, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 21, 1975; the larger Brush Park Historic District, bounded by Woodward, Mack, Beaubien, and the Fisher Freeway, was established by the City of Detroit on January 23, 1980. Despite these attempts to save what was left of the neighborhood's historic character, by the 1980s Brush Park had gradually fallen into a state of "nearly total abandonment and disintegration," gaining a poor reputation as one of Detroit's most derelict areas. Abandoned buildings became targets for vandals and arsonists: as a result, dozens of structures were demolished by the city for security reasons. During the 19th century, around 300 homes were built in Brush Park, including 70 Victorian mansions; at present, about 80 original structures remain in the area. Notable buildings that were demolished include the Woodward Avenue Baptist Church (1887), destroyed by fire in 1986, and St. Patrick Catholic Church (1862), destroyed by fire in 1993.

Revival

Brush Park's revival began in the 1990s and has since accelerated. Several historic houses were stabilized and "mothballed" by the City of Detroit between 2005 and 2006, on the occasion of the Super Bowl XL played at the nearby Ford Field. New condominiums have been built in the southern part of the district, near the Fisher Freeway, and a number of the older mansions have been restored. A handful of buildings still remain in a state of complete neglect, and are threatened with demolition.

The French Renaissance style William Livingstone House (1894) on Eliot Street was one of Kahn's first commissions. The Red Cross intended to demolish the mansion, originally located west of John R. Street, to make way for their new building. Preservationists succeeded in successfully moving the Livingstone House about one block to the east. Nevertheless, after this change of position some serious structural problems concerning the house's foundations caused the gradual collapse of the building. Artist Lowell Boileau commemorated the William Livingstone House in a painting entitled Open House which he unveiled the day of its demolition September 15, 2007, underscoring preservationist efforts.

On May 10, 2014, the historic First Unitarian Church caught fire under suspicious circumstances and was consequently demolished. The building, which was designed by Donaldson and Meier and dated back to 1890, represents one of the greatest losses in Brush Park's recent history, since it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Gallery

File:Alfred Street 1970s.png|Alfred Street in the 1970s.The first house was the Thomas McGraw House built in 1874 and demolished in 2001. File:Woodward Avenue Baptist Church.jpg|Woodward Avenue Baptist Church built in 1887 by the architects Mortimer Smith & Sons and reformed for the 1936 Woodward widenning was destroyed by fire 1986. File:RowHouses on John R.jpg|Townhouses designed by William S. Joy & Company for W. W. Hannan in 1895 on John R. Street, renovated as condominiums in 2003. File:FARMER(1884) Detroit, p503 RESIDENCE OF G.S. FROST, 86 EDMUND PLACE. BUILT IN 1881.jpg|George S Frost House in 246 Edmund Pl, build in 1881.Was demolished in 1998. File:FARMER(1884) Detroit, p503 RESIDENCE OF C. W. NOBLE, 66 EDMUND PLACE. BUILT IN 1873.jpg|Charles W Noble house in 218 Edmund Pl built in 1873 and demolished in 1968. File:FARMER(1884) Detroit, p502 RESIDENCE OF GEORGE JEROME, 83 ALFRED ST. BUILT IN 1877.jpg|George Jerome House in 251 Alfred Street, built in 1877 possibly by architect Henry T Brush and demolished in 1935. File:FARMER(1884) Detroit, p500 RESIDENCE OF G.M. TRAVER, 95 ADELAIDE ST. BUILT IN 1868.jpg|George M. Traver House in 267 Adelaide built in 1868 and demolished in 1920s. File:FARMER(1884) Detroit, p499 RESIDENCE OF GEORGE C. CODD, 26 ADELAIDE ST. BUILT IN 1874.jpg|George C Codd House in 56 Adelaide built in 1874 and designed by Mortimer L Smith, was demolished in 1950s. File:FARMER(1884) Detroit, p499 RESIDENCE OF SIMON HEAVENRICH, 43 WINDER ST. BUILT IN 1875.jpg|The Simon Heavenrich House in 81 Winder built in 1875, designed by Gordon W Lloyd and demolished in 1931. The house was extensively remodeled in the 1910s to become the Christ Center Metaphysical Church. File:FARMER(1884) Detroit, p498 RESIDENCE OF D.M. FERRY, 31 WINDER ST. BUILT IN 1869.jpg|D.M Ferry House in 57 Winder built in 1869 and demolished in 1950s. File:FARMER(1884) Detroit, p497 RESIDENCE OF G.S. WORMER, 55 HIGH ST. EAST. BUILT IN 1854-77.jpg|Grover Salman Wormer Residence in 115 E High street built in 1854( reformed in 1877) and demolished in 1960s. The house and the street were destroyed for the construction of the Fisher Freeway. File:FARMER(1884) Detroit, p497 RESIDENCE OF H.K. WHITE, 37 HIGH ST. EAST. BUILT IN 1868-78.jpg|Henry Kirke White House in 77 E High built in 1868 and demolished in 1932. The street was destroyed for the construction of the Fisher Freewey. File:FARMER(1884) Detroit, p481 RESIDENCE OF SAMUEL HEAVENRICH, 468 WOODWARD AVE. BUILT IN 1874.jpg|Samuel Heavenrich Residence in 468 Woodward Avenue built in 1874 and demolished in 1920s for the Woodward widening. File:FARMER(1884) Detroit, p483 RESIDENCE OF W. C. WILLIAMS, 500 WOODWARD AVE. BUILT IN 1866.jpg|The William C Williams House in 2930 Woodward Avenue built in 1866 and demolished in 1889 for the construction of the First Presbyterian Church. File:FARMER(1884) Detroit, p484 RESIDENCE OF F.W. HAYES, 608 WOODWARD AVE. BUILT IN 1870.jpg|Frederick W. Hayes residence in 3500 Woodward Avenue built in 1870 and demolished in 1916. File:FARMER(1884) Detroit, p479 RESIDENCE OF MRS. L.R. MEDBURY, 444 WOODWARD AVE. BUILT IN 1861.jpg|Lucetta R. Medbury House in 2638 Woodward Avenue built in 1861 and demolished in 1920s for the Woodward widenning. File:FARMER(1884) Detroit, p478 RESIDENCE OF E.S. HEINEMAN, 428 WOODWAID AVE. BUILT IN 1839.jpg|Emil S. Heineman House in 2610 Woodward Avenue built in 1859 and demolished in 1920s for the Woodward widening. File:First Unitarian Church Detroit 2.jpg|The First Unitarian Church built 1890 by the architects Donaldson y Meier was destroyed by fire in 2014. File:FARMER(1884) Detroit, p593 ST. PATRICK'S CATHOLIC CHURCH.JPG|The St Patrick Church built in 1862 in 114 Adelaide by the architects Jordan & Anderson was destroyed by fire in 1993. File:Woodward Avenue Baptist Church 1899.jpg|Original Woodward Avenue Baptist Church before the 1935 reformation. File:William Livingstone House, Brush Park, Detroit (417140528).jpg|The William Livingstone House, originally located at 76 Eliot Street, was built in 1894 by the architect Albert Kahn. It was later moved to 284 Eliot Street, but languished for years before being demolished in 2007. File:FARMER(1884) Detroit, p480 RESIDENCE OF JOHN PRIDGEON, 456 WOODWARD AVE. BUILT IN 1868.jpg|Residence of John Pridgeon in the southeast corner of Alfred and Woodward was built in 1868 by the architect Gordon W Lloyd and demolished in 1890s.

Notable buildings

::data[format=table]

NameImageYearLocationStyleArchitectNotes
Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity House[[File:UsaEast2016 599 Alpha House.jpg240x240px]]1912293 Eliot St.American Foursquare
Bonstelle Theatre[[File:Temple Beth-El Bonstelle Theater.jpg240x240px]]19023424 Woodward Ave.Beaux-Arts, Greek RevivalAlbert Kahn; C. Howard Crane (remodeling)
Max Broock House[[File:UsaEast2016 565 Brush Park Historic District.jpg239x239px]]1905233 Erskine St.EdwardianMueller & Mildner
Frederick Butler House[[File:Frederick Butler House, Edmund Place, Brush Park, Midtown, Detroit, MI - 53014031154.jpgframeless]]1882291 Edmund Pl.French Renaissance Revival, Second EmpireWilliam Scott & Co.
James V. Campbell House[[File:James V. Campbell House, Alfred Street, Brush Park, Midtown, Detroit, MI.jpgframeless332x332px]]1877261 Alfred St.Italianate
The Carlton[[File:UsaEast2016 546 The Carlton.jpg352x352px]]19232915 John R. St. at EdmundBeaux-Arts, Chicago SchoolLouis Kamper
Carola Apartments[[File:UsaEast2016 548 Carola Building.jpg240x240px]]191278 Watson St.Renaissance Revival
Lyman Cochrane House[[File:Lyman Cochrane House 216 Winder Detroit.JPG234x234px]]1870216 Winder St.Italianate
Crystal lofts[[File:UsaEast2016 551 Crystal lofts.jpg238x238px]]19193100 Woodward Ave. at WatsonArt DecoBernard C. Wetzel
J.P. Donaldson House[[File:J.P. Donaldson House, Alfred Street, Brush Park, Midtown, Detroit, MI.jpgframeless]]187982 Alfred St.Queen AnneMason & Rice; Gordon W. Lloyd (remodeling)
Martin A Edwards House[[File:UsaEast2016 598 Clifford Elliot House.jpg239x239px]]1899305 Eliot St.Victorian, EdwardianDonaldson & Meier
First Presbyterian Church[[File:First Presbyterian Church Detroit 2.jpg237x237px]]18892930 Woodward Ave.Richardsonian RomanesqueGeorge D. Mason
John P. Fiske House[[File:261 Edmund Detroit.JPG298x298px]]1875261 Edmund Pl.Second Empire, French Renaissance Revival, VictorianHenry T Brush & Mortimer L Smith
Ransom Gillis House[[File:2015 ransomgillis house brush park detroit.jpg237x237px]]1876205 Alfred St. at John R.Venetian GothicHenry T. Brush & George D. Mason
Bernard Ginsburg House[[File:UsaEast2016 492 Bernard Ginsburg House.jpg237x237px]]1898236 Adelaide St.Tudor RevivalGeorge W. Nettleton & Albert Kahn
John Harvey House[[File:John Harvey House Detroit.jpg273x273px]]188797 Winder St.Second EmpireJohn V. Smith
Hudson–Evans House[[File:Hudson-Evans House, Alfred Street, Brush Park, Midtown, Detroit, MI.jpgframeless245x245px]]187379 Alfred St.Second Empire, French Renaissance Revival, Italianate
Albert Kahn House[[File:Albert Kahn House.jpg244x244px]]1906208 Mack Ave.English RenaissanceAlbert Kahn
George Ladve House[[File:George Ladve House, Edmund Place, Brush Park, Midtown, Detroit, MI.jpgframeless247x247px]]1886269 Edmund Pl.Eastlake Victorian
Lucien S. Moore House[[File:Lucien S. Moore House, Edmund Place, Brush Park, Midtown, Detroit, MI - 53014030714.jpgframeless248x248px]]1885104 Edmund Pl.French Renaissance Revival, Gothic Revival
Patterson Terrace[[File:UsaEast2016 564 Patterson Terrace.jpg249x249px]]1905203-209-213 Erskine St.Richardsonian RomanesqueJoy & Barcroft
H.P. Pulling House[[File:UsaEast2016 518 H.P. Pulling House.jpg250x250px]]187448 Edmund Pl.Victorian
Emanuel Schloss House[[File:UsaEast2016 471 Emanuel Schloss House.jpg250x250px]]1872234 Winder St.Second Empire
Horace S. Tarbell House[[File:UsaEast2016 496 Horace S. Tarbell House.jpg250x250px]]1869227 Adelaide St.Victorian, Italianate
Elisha Taylor House[[File:Elisha Taylor House Detroit.jpg246x246px]]187159 Alfred St.French Renaissance Revival, Second Empire, Victorian, Gothic RevivalJulius Hess
Joseph F. Weber House[[File:UsaEast2016 575 Joseph F. Weber House.jpg248x248px]]1901206 Eliot St.Colonial Revival
Henry Glover House[[File:Henry Glover House, Edmund Place, Brush Park, Midtown, Detroit, MI - 53014030829.jpgframeless]]1874229 Edmund PlSecond Empire
MacLeurin House[[File:UsaEast2016 558 Brush Park Historic District.jpgframeless240x240px]]1894312 Watson St.Romanesque
Jacobs House[[File:UsaEast2016 557 Brush Park Historic District.jpgframeless242x242px]]1880311 Watson St.Second Empire
Phoenix Club[[File:UsaEast2016 574 Brush Park Historic District.jpgframeless241x241px]]1905114 Erskine St.English Renaissance
Standart House[[File:Stoddard House, Edmund Place, Brush Park, Midtown, Detroit, MI.jpgframeless]]187264 Edmund Pl.Italianate
::

Popular culture

The Ransom Gillis house appeared in the intro of the movie Beverly Hills Cop (1984), Four Brothers (2005) and Batman vs Superman (2016).

The J.P Donaldson house was featured in Only Lovers Left Alive (2014)

The Frederick Butler house largely inspired Count Olaf's house in Netflix's Series of Unfortunate Events (2017)

Education

Brush Park is within the Detroit Public Schools district. Residents are zoned to Spain Elementary School for K-8, while they are zoned to Martin Luther King High School (9-12) for high school.

References

Notes

Bibliography

References

  1. {{NRISref. 2008a
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  3. Mullen, Ann (January 3, 2001). [http://www.metrotimes.com/editorial/story.asp?id=1141 Brush Park and hope]. ''Metro Times.'' Retrieved on June 14, 2008.
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  45. [http://www.detroit1701.org/Lucien%20Moore%20Home.html Lucien Moore House]. ''Detroit1701''. Retrieved on September 26, 2009.
  46. National Trust for Historic Preservation (December 27, 2005). [http://press.nationaltrust.org/content/view/114/162/ Detroit’s Lucien Moore House Honored by HGTV] {{webarchive. link. (September 1, 2009 . Retrieved on May 3, 2009.)
  47. Foster, Margaret (May–June 2005). [http://www.preservationnation.org/magazine/2005/may-june/rebuilding-begins-at-home.html Rebuilding Begins at Home: HGTV, Trust to focus on housing for Restore America's third year]. ''Preservation Magazine''. National Trust for Historic Preservation. Retrieved on September 27, 2009.
  48. "Luxury apartments almost ready in once-abandoned Brush Park building".
  49. [http://detroit1701.psc.isr.umich.edu/Schloss%20Home.html Emanuel Schloss House/234 Winder Street Inn]. ''Detroit1701''.
  50. Konstantin, Lynne (April 11, 2013). [http://www.enjoythed.com/~yelinda/images/pdfs/from_JNHome04April13.pdf Historic home in Detroit offers JN a sneak peek of upcoming tour] {{Webarchive. link. (April 3, 2017 . ''Detroit Jewish News''. Retrieved on April 2, 2017.)
  51. [http://www.234winderstinn.com/ 234 Winder Street Inn] home page
  52. [http://www.detroit1701.org/ElishaTaylorHome.html The Elisha Taylor Home]. ''Detroit1701''.
  53. "[http://www.detroit.k12.mi.us/schools/docs/school_boundaries_elementary.pdf Elementary School Boundary Map]{{dead link. (July 2017)
  54. "[http://www.detroit.k12.mi.us/schools/docs/school_boundaries_middle.pdf Middle School Boundary Map]{{dead link. (July 2017)
  55. "[http://www.detroit.k12.mi.us/schools/docs/school_boundaries_high.pdf High School Boundary Map]{{dead link. (July 2017)

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