Bitterroot River
title: "Bitterroot River" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["rivers-of-montana", "bodies-of-water-of-missoula-county,-montana", "bodies-of-water-of-ravalli-county,-montana", "missoula,-montana"] topic_path: "general/rivers-of-montana" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitterroot_River" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0
::data[format=table title="Infobox river"]
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| name | Bitterroot River |
| native_name | |
| name_other | St. Mary's River |
| image | January Ice Fog (8662560141).jpg |
| image_caption | Ice fog hanging over Bitterroot River at Lee Metcalf National Wildlife Refuge |
| subdivision_type1 | Country |
| subdivision_name1 | United States |
| subdivision_type2 | State |
| subdivision_name2 | Montana |
| subdivision_type3 | Region |
| subdivision_name3 | Missoula and Ravalli County, Montana |
| length_mi | 75 |
| discharge1_location | Missoula |
| discharge1_min | 270 cuft/s |
| discharge1_avg | 2370 cuft/s |
| discharge1_max | 38300 cuft/s |
| source1 | Confluence of |
| source1_coordinates | |
| mouth | Confluence with Clark Fork River |
| mouth_location | Missoula, Montana |
| mouth_coordinates | |
| mouth_elevation | 3104 ft |
| river_system | Columbia Basin |
| basin_size_mi2 | 2814 |
| :: |
| name = Bitterroot River | native_name = | name_other = St. Mary's River | name_etymology = | image = January Ice Fog (8662560141).jpg | image_caption = Ice fog hanging over Bitterroot River at Lee Metcalf National Wildlife Refuge | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = United States | subdivision_type2 = State | subdivision_name2 = Montana | subdivision_type3 = Region | subdivision_name3 = Missoula and Ravalli County, Montana | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = | length_mi = 75|length_ref=, South-north | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= Missoula | discharge1_min = 270 cuft/s | discharge1_avg = 2370 cuft/s | discharge1_max = 38300 cuft/s | source1 = Confluence of | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = Confluence with Clark Fork River | mouth_location = Missoula, Montana | mouth_coordinates = | mouth_elevation = 3104 ft | progression = | river_system = Columbia Basin | basin_size_mi2 = 2814 | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = ::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Mt-rivers.gif" caption="Principal Montana rivers with the Bitterroot in the west"] ::
The Bitterroot River is a northward flowing 84 mi river running through the Bitterroot Valley, from the confluence of its West and East forks near Conner in southern Ravalli County to its confluence with the Clark Fork River near Missoula in Missoula County, in western Montana. The Clark Fork River is a tributary to the Columbia River and ultimately, the Pacific Ocean. The Bitterroot River is a Blue Ribbon trout fishery with a healthy population of native westslope cutthroat trout and bull trout. It is the third most fly fished river in Montana behind the Madison and Big Horn Rivers.
History
The Bitterroot River is named for the bitterroot plant Lewisia rediviva, whose fleshy taproot was an important food source for Native Americans. The Bitterroot Salish called the river Spet-lum for "Place of the bitterroot" and In-shi-ttogh-tae-tkhu for "Willow River". The early Jesuit priest, Father De Smet, named it St. Mary's River. By the time of Washington Territory surveys by Governor Isaac I. Stevens in 1853, the name had been translated to Bitterroot River.
Watershed
The Bitterroot River watershed drains 2889 sqmi in Ravalli and Missoula counties. and the West Fork Bitterroot River. From there the mainstem receives numerous tributaries from the Bitterroot Mountains to the west and the Sapphire Mountains to the east. The variation is compounded by extensive irrigation withdrawals and upstream reservoir storage at Painted Rocks Reservoir on the West Fork Bitterroot River with the most severely dewatered reaches along 12 mi of the river located between Woodside Crossing near Corvallis and Bell Crossing near Stevensville.
Major tributaries include Skalkaho Creek, and Lolo Creek. The Skalkaho Creek drainage subwatershed originates in the Sapphire Mountains and drains 132 sqmi and flows 28 mi west-northwest to it confluence with the Bitterroot River. Lolo Creek is the primary tributary in the northern portion of the Bitterroot watershed. Lolo Creek is often completely dewatered in late summer in its lower 2 mi due to withdrawals for irrigation and rural water use.
Habitat and wildlife
Although the Bitterroot River passes close by to many residential areas, it is an excellent place for wildlife viewing. Many species of ducks and waterfowl are common along with osprey, bald eagles and heron. Elk (Cervus canadensis), moose (Alces alces), and both white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) frequent the river as a source of water and to graze near its banks. The most notable wildlife viewing locale along the river is the famous Lee Metcalf National Wildlife Refuge, named for U.S. Senator Lee Metcalf, a pioneer of the conservation movement.
A renowned fly fishing stream, the Bitterroot River mainstem and many of its tributaries are important migratory corridors and spawning habitat for native westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi) and bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus). Other native fish include mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni), longnose sucker (Catostomus catostomus), slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus), and longnose dace (Rhinichthys cataractae).
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) are popular gamefish but are not native to the Bitterroot River watershed and pose significant threats to native trout. In Montana, rainbow trout are only native to the upper Kootenai River in the state's extreme northwest corner. Non-native rainbow trout pose one of the greatest threats to cutthroat trout by hybridization, producing "cutbows". In addition, non-native brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) often displace native cutthroat trout and bull trout in small streams.
Recreation
The towns along the Bitterroot River, including Hamilton, Stevensville, Missoula, and Darby are popular destinations for fly fishing, with rainbow trout being fairly prevalent and with smaller populations of brown trout and westslope cutthroat trout. The Bitterroot is a class I river from the confluence of the East and West forks to its confluence with the Clark Fork River for public access for recreational purposes.
Gallery
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References
References
- {{cite gnis. 779961. Bitterroot River
- (2017). "Bitterroot River Strategy". Clark Fork Coalition.
- (2009). "Montana Place Names from Alzada to Zortman". Montana Historical Society.
- Genevieve F. Murray. (1929). "The bitter root (Lewisia rediviva) in science and in history". University of Montana.
- The Bitterroot Valley averages 7–10 miles wide and is uniquely low gradient for western Montana streams. The river mainstem begins at the confluence of the [[East Fork Bitterroot River]]{{cite gnis. 782807. East Fork Bitterroot River
- {{cite gnis. 792982. West Fork Bitterroot River
- (March 20, 2014). "Bitterroot Watershed Restoration Plan". Bitter Root Water Forum.
- (2009). "Bitterroot River Subbasin Management Plan for Fish and Wildlife Conservation".
- "Rainbow Trout - Oncorhynchus mykiss, Montana Field Guide". Montana Natural Heritage Program and Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks.
- Robert J. Behnke. (1992). "Native trout of western North America". American Fisheries Society.
- (2017). "Legacy introductions and climatic variation explain spatiotemporal patterns of invasive hybridization in a native trout". Global Change Biology.
- (2001). "Geography of Invasion in Mountain Streams: Consequences of Headwater Lake Fish Introductions". Ecosystems.
- link. (2009-03-10 , [[Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks]])
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