Bit-hilani

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Ancient building type from Syria and Mesopotamia

title: "Bit-hilani" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["10th-century-bc-in-the-arts", "9th-century-bc-in-the-arts", "1st-millennium-bc-architecture", "art-and-architecture-in-the-ancient-near-east", "house-types"] description: "Ancient building type from Syria and Mesopotamia" topic_path: "arts" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit-hilani" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Ancient building type from Syria and Mesopotamia ::

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Gaziantep_Archaeology_museum_Bit_Hilani_type_building_in_2019_4268.jpg" caption="A building plan of a ''bit hilani'' type temple at [[Zinjirli]], Turkey. Late Hittite period. [[Gaziantep Archaeology museum"] ::

A Bit-hilani (Akkadian: Bīt-Ḫilāni, meaning 'house of pillars') is an ancient architectural type of palace. It seems to have become popular at the end of the tenth and during the ninth century BCE during the early Iron Age in northern Syria although it may have originated as early as the Bronze Age. Contemporary records call it a Hittite-style palace, probably after the Neo-Hittite kingdoms of northern Syria. This building type has also spread to the Southern Levant, where it has been widely used.

Description

The major feature for a visitor would have been the monumental entrance loggia or portico with columns flanked by large massive parts of the building and approached by a broad but relatively low flight of steps. On one side a stairway to the upper parts would reside in one of these block like structures. Straight ahead one would enter the great hall, where one would have to turn by 90° to see the throne in the far end of the hall. The overall plan of the building would be rectangular with the large hall in the middle surrounded on all sides by the other much narrower rooms.

Origin and architectural legacy

This type of design with a large central space surrounded by a double wall with smaller rooms taking up the space within the walls may be based on designs first used in the late Ubaid period in southern Mesopotamia such as the Ubaid house. Pillared porticos as gates or grand entrances were used by several cultures of the Bronze Age around the eastern Mediterranean sea. The examples of the Hittites and the Myceneans may be the best known. Through the megarons and propylaea of the mycenaean palaces the style may have lived into classical Greek designs. The iron age hilani of the Levant, may well be the combination of the old broad-room concept with a Hittite-style portico. In recent traditional architecture it may have a late resemblance in the design of the liwan house.

Individual examples

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Entrance_of_the_National_Museum_Aleppo_Syria.jpg" caption="Entrance of the National Museum Aleppo, a reconstruction of the entrance to Kapara's palace at Tell Halaf"] ::

The oldest excavated building described as Hilani by its excavator Sir Leonard Woolley is a palace in level IV at Alalakh dated to the 15th century BCE. The palace is thought to have been built by Niqmepa, a son of Idrimi of the royal family of the Amorite state of Yamhad based in Halab.

A building at the citadel (Büyükkale) of the Hittite capital Hattusa may also have been of the hilani type. As most of the structures on the citadel underwent considerable rebuilding during the reign of Tudhaliya IV (c. 1237–1209 BCE), it is usually dated to the 13th century BCE.

Kapara, king of the Hittite kingdom of Bit Bahiani in the 10th or 9th century BCE, built himself a palace of this style in his capital at Guzana (Tell Halaf). The palace, with a rich decoration of statues and relief orthostats, was excavated by Max von Oppenheim in 1911. Some of the finds were taken to Berlin, much of them destroyed when von Oppenheim's private museum was hit during a bombing raid in November 1943 and recently partially reconstructed from the preserved pieces. The National Museum of Aleppo has reconstructed the pillared portico in front of its entrance.

Other buildings of this type have been excavated, among others at Tell Tayinat, Qatna, Sam'al, Sakçagözü, Carchemish, Tell Sheikh Hamad, maybe Kinet Höyük and at Emar.

When claiming to have built in the style of a hilani, most builders probably referred to the pillared portico with antechamber such as:

Sargon II, King of Assyria 722–705 BCE, at his new city of Dur-Sharrukin, begun in 713 BCE. An isolated building of which not much is known yet has been located in the western corner of the palace terrace. It may be a candidate for the building he mentions in his founding text. ::quote "A portico, patterned after the Hittite palace, which in the language of Amurru they call a bit-hilani, I built in front of the palaces' gates." ::

Sennacherib, King of Assyria (704–681 BC), claims to have done some building in Niniveh in the style of a bit-hilani. Nothing similar to a hilani has to date been identified without doubt at his palace, known today as the South-West Palace in Niniveh, finished in 694 BCE. The building in question may not have been found yet.

References

References

  1. 0-521-79666-0, {{ISBN. 978-0-521-79666-8, pages 368-370
  2. Historical dictionary of the Hittites by Charles Allen Burney, Scarecrow Press, 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=azPl5Jzv930C&dq=hilani+aleppo&pg=PA42 page 41-2] (google books link)
  3. 1-57506-117-1, {{ISBN. 978-1-57506-117-7
  4. A [https://web.archive.org/web/20120426001717/https://feldman.berkeley.edu:453/?course=nes190a&do=detail&imgid=00535 plan] of the Palace of Niqmepa at Tell Atchana, the ancient Alalakh.
  5. The detached building (labelled as building E on most plans) lies near the north-west corner of the palace area of the citadel, between the large reception hall and the more private building in the northernmost corner of the citadel. It does not seem to have been incorporated in the court systems and may thus have served as a more private reception building. During excavations an archive was found within the building. The [https://archive.today/20120802185613/http://www.hattuscha.de/English/kingspalace.htm plan of the building] seems rather symmetrical and is more similar to those unearthed in [[Sam'al]] and [[Carchemish]] than for example the palace of [[Kapara]] at [[Guzana]]. See also [http://www.atamanhotel.com/whc/hattusa-buyukkale.html this map] {{webarchive. link. (May 13, 2008 of the acropolis of Hattusa with a detailed description of the buildings and areas.)
  6. See the paragraph [http://www.hattuscha.de/English/cityhistory2.htm "V. The Period of the Hittite Empire"] {{Webarchive. link. (2012-08-03 .)
  7. (1955). "Anatolian Studies, Volumes 5-6". British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara.
  8. A [https://web.archive.org/web/20120426001744/https://feldman.berkeley.edu:453/?course=nes120a&do=detail&imgid=00546 plan] of the palace with the adjoining Skorpians Gate. Illustrations from "The Art and Architecture of the Ancient Orient." 5th ed. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996 by Henri Frankfort.
  9. Brief [https://www.utoronto.ca/tap/past.htm description] {{webarchive. link. (April 19, 2009, with the oldest (Building XIII) dated to around 950 BCE.)
  10. [http://www.schechhamad.de/ Website] of the excavation (in German). The Hilani (building F) was found in the northwest corner of the lower city, integrated into a larger palace complex. It is [http://www.schechhamad.de/ausgrabung/grabungsabschnitt_nordostecke.php dated] to the 8th century BCE.
  11. An entrance excavated in 2007, formed by two wide steps framed by two posts is compared to the Bit-hilani style of the Late Bronze Age by the excavators. A restored view is shown on [http://cat.une.edu.au/page/kinet%20hoyuk this page (fig.6)] {{webarchive. link. (July 19, 2008 at the "[http://cat.une.edu.au/ Current Archeology in Turkey] {{webarchive). link. (February 15, 2009" site.)
  12. A [https://uni-tuebingen.de/emar/en/excavation.html hilani type palace (Palace A)] {{webarchive. link. (March 7, 2008 is said to lie on or near what is now a small island in [[Lake Assad]], north of the upper town with the temples. Marked with the number 10 on this [https://uni-tuebingen.de/emar/en/research.html map] {{webarchive). link. (March 7, 2008 of the site.)
  13. (November 2016)
  14. [http://archaeotype.dalton.org/library/oldsite/eighth.html Translation] {{webarchive. link. (July 25, 2011 and plans of the excavated parts of the palace of Sargon II at Dur-Sharrukin.)

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