Birjand

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City in South Khorasan province, Iran

title: "Birjand" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["birjand", "populated-places-in-birjand-county", "iranian-provincial-capitals", "cities-in-south-khorasan-province"] description: "City in South Khorasan province, Iran" topic_path: "geography" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birjand" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary City in South Khorasan province, Iran ::

::data[format=table title="Infobox settlement"]

FieldValue
official_nameBirjand
native_name
settlement_typeCity
nicknamesCity of Pines, City of Culture
image_skyline{{Photomontage
photo1aقلعه بیرجند-2.jpg
photo2aIran, South Khorasan Province, Birjand County, Bande Darre.jpg
photo3aمدرسه شوکتیه.jpg
spacing2
size250
imagesize250
image_captionBirjand Castle, Dande Barre, Shokatiyeh School, Akbarieh Garden
pushpin_mapIran
subdivision_typeCountry
subdivision_nameIran
subdivision_type1Province
subdivision_name1South Khorasan
subdivision_type2County
subdivision_name2Birjand
subdivision_type3District
subdivision_name3Central
leader_titleMayor
leader_nameMehdi Behtarin
established_titleFirst mention
established_date13th century
population_footnotes
population_as_of2016
population_total203636
population_density_km23697
timezoneIRST
utc_offset+3:30
coordinates
coordinates_footnotes
elevation_m1491
area_code(+98) 56
blank_nameClimate
blank_infoBSk
websitewww.birjand.ir/
footnotesPrefix code: +98 Iran – (0)56 Birjand
::

| official_name = Birjand | native_name = | settlement_type = City | nicknames = City of Pines, City of Culture | motto = | image_skyline = {{Photomontage | photo1a = قلعه بیرجند-2.jpg | photo2a = Iran, South Khorasan Province, Birjand County, Bande Darre.jpg | photo3a = مدرسه شوکتیه.jpg | photo4a = برف در عمارت اکبریه.jpg | spacing = 2 | size = 250 | foot_montage = | imagesize = 250 | image_caption = Birjand Castle, Dande Barre, Shokatiyeh School, Akbarieh Garden | image_flag = | image_seal = | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Iran | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_mapsize = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = Iran | subdivision_type1 = Province | subdivision_name1 = South Khorasan | subdivision_type2 = County | subdivision_name2 = Birjand | subdivision_type3 = District | subdivision_name3 = Central | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = Mehdi Behtarin | established_title = First mention | established_date = 13th century | area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_land_km2 = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | population_note = | population_metro = |population_footnotes = |population_as_of = 2016 |population_total = 203636 | population_est = | population_est_as_of = | population_density_km2 = 3697 | timezone = IRST | utc_offset = +3:30 |coordinates = |coordinates_footnotes = | elevation_m = 1491 | elevation_ft = | area_code = (+98) 56 | blank_name = Climate | blank_info = BSk | website = www.birjand.ir/ | footnotes = Prefix code: +98 Iran – (0)56 Birjand

Birjand (; ) is a city in the Central District of Birjand County, South Khorasan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district. The city is known for its saffron, barberry, jujube, and handmade carpet exports.

History

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Arly_Tourists_in_Birjand.jpg" caption="Cossacks in Birjand, circa 1909."] ::

The first citation of the city in the historical literature belongs to the famous book Mojem Alboldan, by Yaqut Homavi (13th century) which introduces the Birjand as the most beautiful town in the Qohestan. Before this, Birjand had been probably not as big and important as a municipality but rather as a rural community. However, the Birjand geographical area had its historical and political importance long before the emergence of the city of Birjand. Many citations of the region are available in the original literature like Ehya -ol- Molook of the once important localities in the area. Apart from literature, the oldest evidence on the history of the region is the ancient Lakh-Mazar inscription in the Kooch village some 25 km southeast of Birjand. Numerous fine drawings and inscriptions are carved on an igneous rock surface. The inscriptions include pictograms as well as Arsacid Pahlavi, Sasanian Pahlavi, Arabic and Persian scripts.

In 1931, Birjand Municipality was opened under the name of Birjand Municipality next to the tomb of Hakim Nazari and started its activities with 12 employees. The first mayor of Birjand was Mr. Afshar, who served as mayor for six years.

Demographics

Population

|title = Population history |align =right |clear = |direction = |percentages = |state = |type = |shading = |width = |subbox = |pop_name = |year_name = |percent_name = |footnote = |source = |graph-pos = |graph-width = |graph-height = |percol = |cols = |perrow = |rows = |1956 |13,934 |1966 |25,845 |1976 |46,943 |1986 |81,798 |1991 |101,177 |1996 |127,608 |2006 |157,848 |2011 |178,020 |2016 |203,636 At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 157,848 in 41,341 households. The following census in 2011 counted 178,020 people in 48,130 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 203,636 people in 57,745 households.

Religion

The people of Birjand follow (Shia) Islam.

Climate

Birjand has a cool arid climate (Köppen BWk) bordering upon a cool semi-arid climate (BSk) with hot to sweltering summers, cool winters and a significant difference between day and night temperatures. Precipitation falls mostly in winter and spring. | width = auto | metric first = yes | single line = yes |collapsed = yes | location = Birjand (1991–2020) |Jan record high C = 25.0 |Feb record high C = 27.6 |Mar record high C = 32.8 |Apr record high C = 36.0 |May record high C = 40.6 |Jun record high C = 43.0 |Jul record high C = 44.0 |Aug record high C = 44.1 |Sep record high C = 40.0 |Oct record high C = 36.0 |Nov record high C = 30.1 |Dec record high C = 27.0 | Jan high C = 11.4 | Feb high C = 14.0 | Mar high C = 18.9 | Apr high C = 25.1 | May high C = 30.7 | Jun high C = 35.1 | Jul high C = 35.8 | Aug high C = 34.4 | Sep high C = 31.8 | Oct high C = 26.5 | Nov high C = 19.2 | Dec high C = 14.2 | year high C = 24.8 | Jan mean C = 3.9 | Feb mean C = 6.6 | Mar mean C = 11.6 | Apr mean C = 17.6 | May mean C = 22.9 | Jun mean C = 27.3 | Jul mean C = 28.3 | Aug mean C = 26.3 | Sep mean C = 22.5 | Oct mean C = 17.0 | Nov mean C = 10.4 | Dec mean C = 5.7 | year mean C = 16.7 | Jan low C = -2.6 | Feb low C = 0.2 | Mar low C = 4.6 | Apr low C = 10.0 | May low C = 14.2 | Jun low C = 18.2 | Jul low C = 19.9 | Aug low C = 17.1 | Sep low C = 12.4 | Oct low C = 7.5 | Nov low C = 2.6 | Dec low C = -1.3 | year low C = 8.6 |Jan record low C = −21.5 |Feb record low C = −17.6 |Mar record low C = −12.0 |Apr record low C = −4.5 |May record low C = 0.0 |Jun record low C = 7.0 |Jul record low C = 10.2 |Aug record low C = 6.0 |Sep record low C = 1.0 |Oct record low C = −5.6 |Nov record low C = −11.5 |Dec record low C = −15.8 | precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm = 26.2 | Feb precipitation mm = 30.8 | Mar precipitation mm = 35.5 | Apr precipitation mm = 20.6 | May precipitation mm = 7.0 | Jun precipitation mm = 0.5 | Jul precipitation mm = 0.1 | Aug precipitation mm = 1.0 | Sep precipitation mm = 0.5 | Oct precipitation mm = 2.9 | Nov precipitation mm = 7.7 | Dec precipitation mm = 17.4 | year precipitation mm = 150.2 | unit precipitation days = 1 mm | Jan precipitation days = 4.4 | Feb precipitation days = 4.7 | Mar precipitation days = 5.4 | Apr precipitation days = 4.1 | May precipitation days = 1.4 | Jun precipitation days = 0.2 | Jul precipitation days = 0.0 | Aug precipitation days = 0.1 | Sep precipitation days = 0.2 | Oct precipitation days = 0.6 | Nov precipitation days = 1.6 | Dec precipitation days = 3.1 | year precipitation days = 25.8 | Jan humidity = 56.0 | Feb humidity = 51.0 | Mar humidity = 44.0 | Apr humidity = 35.0 | May humidity = 26.0 | Jun humidity = 19.0 | Jul humidity = 20.0 | Aug humidity = 20.0 | Sep humidity = 20.0 | Oct humidity = 27.0 | Nov humidity = 40.0 | Dec humidity = 49.0 | year humidity = 33.9 | Jan dew point C = -7.5 | Feb dew point C = -6.3 | Mar dew point C = -4.5 | Apr dew point C = -2.2 | May dew point C = -1.8 | Jun dew point C = -2.1 | Jul dew point C = -0.6 | Aug dew point C = -2.4 | Sep dew point C = -5.5 | Oct dew point C = -6.0 | Nov dew point C = -6.5 | Dec dew point C = -7.7 | year dew point C = -4.4 | Jan sun = 208 | Feb sun = 204 | Mar sun = 229 | Apr sun = 252 | May sun = 313 | Jun sun = 349 | Jul sun = 373 | Aug sun = 364 | Sep sun = 324 | Oct sun = 293 | Nov sun = 232 | Dec sun = 217 | year sun = 3358 | source 1 = NOAA{{cite web |url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/4.4/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/Iran/CSV/Birjand_40809.csv |title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Baft |publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |access-date = December 31, 2023}} |source 2 = https://irimo.ir (records)}}

|width = auto |location = Birjand (1955–2010) |collapsed = Y |metric first = Y |single line = Y |Jan record high C = 25.0 |Feb record high C = 27.0 |Mar record high C = 32.0 |Apr record high C = 36.0 |May record high C = 40.6 |Jun record high C = 43.0 |Jul record high C = 44.0 |Aug record high C = 44.1 |Sep record high C = 40.0 |Oct record high C = 36.0 |Nov record high C = 30.1 |Dec record high C = 27.0

|Jan high C = 11.0 |Feb high C = 13.5 |Mar high C = 18.7 |Apr high C = 24.8 |May high C = 30.5 |Jun high C = 35.0 |Jul high C = 35.8 |Aug high C = 34.5 |Sep high C = 31.8 |Oct high C = 26.6 |Nov high C = 19.6 |Dec high C = 13.6

|Jan mean C = 4.3 |Feb mean C = 6.7 |Mar mean C = 11.6 |Apr mean C = 17.2 |May mean C = 22.2 |Jun mean C = 26.4 |Jul mean C = 27.8 |Aug mean C = 25.8 |Sep mean C = 22.0 |Oct mean C = 16.9 |Nov mean C = 10.9 |Dec mean C = 6.2

|Jan low C = −2.3 |Feb low C = −0.0 |Mar low C = 4.5 |Apr low C = 9.7 |May low C = 13.8 |Jun low C = 17.9 |Jul low C = 19.8 |Aug low C = 17.1 |Sep low C = 12.3 |Oct low C = 7.2 |Nov low C = 2.2 |Dec low C = −1.1

|Jan record low C = −21.5 |Feb record low C = −17.6 |Mar record low C = −12.0 |Apr record low C = −4.5 |May record low C = 0.0 |Jun record low C = 7.0 |Jul record low C = 10.2 |Aug record low C = 6.0 |Sep record low C = 1.0 |Oct record low C = −5.6 |Nov record low C = −11.0 |Dec record low C = −15.8

|precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 31.3 |Feb precipitation mm = 32.4 |Mar precipitation mm = 35.1 |Apr precipitation mm = 31.6 |May precipitation mm = 7.1 |Jun precipitation mm = 0.3 |Jul precipitation mm = 0.1 |Aug precipitation mm = 0.2 |Sep precipitation mm = 0.0 |Oct precipitation mm = 2.6 |Nov precipitation mm = 8.4 |Dec precipitation mm = 19.7

|Jan rain days = 7.9 |Feb rain days = 8.3 |Mar rain days = 9.2 |Apr rain days = 8.0 |May rain days = 3.6 |Jun rain days = 0.7 |Jul rain days = 0.4 |Aug rain days = 0.2 |Sep rain days = 0.3 |Oct rain days = 1.6 |Nov rain days = 3.3 |Dec rain days = 6.3

|Jan snow days = 2.6 |Feb snow days = 1.7 |Mar snow days = 0.3 |Apr snow days = 0.2 |May snow days = 0 |Jun snow days = 0 |Jul snow days = 0 |Aug snow days = 0 |Sep snow days = 0 |Oct snow days = 0 |Nov snow days = 0.1 |Dec snow days = 1.1

|Jan sun = 196.3 |Feb sun = 188.3 |Mar sun = 211.4 |Apr sun = 231.8 |May sun = 303.4 |Jun sun = 334.8 |Jul sun = 347.2 |Aug sun = 349.3 |Sep sun = 298.2 |Oct sun = 286.0 |Nov sun = 229.6 |Dec sun = 195.8

|Jan humidity = 57 |Feb humidity = 55 |Mar humidity = 46 |Apr humidity = 38 |May humidity = 27 |Jun humidity = 21 |Jul humidity = 21 |Aug humidity = 22 |Sep humidity = 22 |Oct humidity = 28 |Nov humidity = 39 |Dec humidity = 52 |source 1 = NOAA (1961–1990)(precipitation, humidity, sunshine hours) {{cite web |url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/IR/40809.TXT |title = Birjand Climate Normals 1961–1990 |publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210527214546/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/IR/40809.TXT |archive-date = 2021-05-27 |url-status = dead |access-date = December 29, 2012}} |source 2 = https://irimo.ir (records, temperature normals)}}

Transportation

Airport

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Birjand-airport-3.jpg" caption="Birjand-airport"] ::

In 1933, due to the political and military situation of Birjand city and the east of the country, Birjand airport was established on a 150-hectare land in the north of the city.

Customs

In 1938, in order to facilitate the transportation, export and import of goods to the subcontinent of India and Afghanistan, the Birjand Customs Office was established and started its activities with two customs units, Dareh and Gezik.

Health

Imam Reza Hospital

In 1948, Imam Reza Hospital was established in one of the lands and endowments belonging to the Alam family, known as Bagh-e Anari. In addition to accepting patients in Birjand city, this hospital also accepted other patients in southern cities of Khorasan province.

Education

It is said that the Shokatiyeh School in Birjand together with Darolfonoon in Tehran were the first modern public schools of higher education in Iran in the mid-19th century. Ever since then, Birjand has amassed an abundance of institutions of higher education and become an important location for research and development.

Universities

In 1975, following Dr. Mohammad Hassan Ganji, the Birjand Institute of Higher Education was established in the Assadollah Alam Endowment Collection. This university started with the admission of 120 students in the fields of mathematics, physics and chemistry and is now officially known as Birjand University.

The city contains such universities and academic institutions as:

Notable people

Notes

References

References

  1. ((OpenStreetMap contributors)). (9 November 2024). "Birjand, Birjand County".
  2. (2018-04-01). "Single Nucleotide Polymorphism of the Interferon-γ Gene (IFN-γ +874 T/A) and the Prognosis of Hepatitis B Infection". Journal of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.
  3. {{GEOnet3. -3056455
  4. Habibi, Hassan. (c. 2015). "Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the divisions of Khorasan province, centered in Mashhad". Ministry of the Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Council.
  5. "Cities in Iran: 2005 Population Estimates". Mongabay.com.
  6. Research articles collection (archaeology, ancient inscriptions): Lakh-Mazar, Birjand. Rajab Ali Labbaf Khaniki, Rassul Bashash Kanzaq. 25. Iranian Cultural Heritage Organization. Summer 1994.
  7. (2008-11-21). "New Page 1".
  8. "Cities with a population of 100,000 and more (1956-2006 census)". Iran data portal.
  9. "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006): South Khorasan Province". The Statistical Center of Iran.
  10. "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011): South Khorasan Province". The Statistical Center of Iran.
  11. "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016): South Khorasan Province". The Statistical Center of Iran.
  12. [https://www.birjand.ac.ir/fa/page/1147/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DA%86%D9%87-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AF تاریخچه شهر بیرجند History of Birjand City]
  13. Flightradar24. "Live Flight Tracker - Real-Time Flight Tracker Map".
  14. (2008-03-02). "فرودگاهها".
  15. (2008-11-21). "برخى از گياهان داروئى شهرستان بيرجند و خواص درمانى آنها".
  16. (2008-11-21). "New Page 1".
  17. "University of Birjand".
  18. "Birjand University at a glance".
  19. "دانشگاه بیرجند - نگین آموزش عالی شرق کشور".
  20. "دانشگاه صنعتی بیرجند {{!".
  21. "دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بیرجند".
  22. "سامانه خدمت دانشگاه پیام نور استان خراسان جنوبی".
  23. "Islamic Azad University of Birjand (MMD)".

::callout[type=info title="Wikipedia Source"] This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page. ::

birjandpopulated-places-in-birjand-countyiranian-provincial-capitalscities-in-south-khorasan-province