BCMP network

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title: "BCMP network" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["queueing-theory"] topic_path: "general/queueing-theory" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCMP_network" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

In queueing theory, a discipline within the mathematical theory of probability, a BCMP network is a class of queueing network for which a product-form equilibrium distribution exists. It is named after the authors of the paper where the network was first described: Baskett, Chandy, Muntz, and Palacios. The theorem is a significant extension to a Jackson network allowing virtually arbitrary customer routing and service time distributions, subject to particular service disciplines.

The paper is well known, and the theorem was described in 1990 as "one of the seminal achievements in queueing theory in the last 20 years" by J. Michael Harrison and Ruth J. Williams.

Definition

A network of m interconnected queues is known as a BCMP network if each of the queues is of one of the following four types:

  1. FCFS discipline where all customers have the same negative exponential service time distribution. The service rate can be state dependent, so write \scriptstyle{\mu_j} for the service rate when the queue length is j.
  2. Processor sharing queues
  3. Infinite-server queues
  4. LCFS with pre-emptive resume (work is not lost)

In the final three cases, service time distributions must have rational Laplace transforms. This means the Laplace transform must be of the form :L(s) = \frac{N(s)}{D(s)}.

Also, the following conditions must be met.

  1. external arrivals to node i (if any) form a Poisson process,
  2. a customer completing service at queue i will either move to some new queue j with (fixed) probability P_{ij} or leave the system with probability 1-\sum_{j=1}^{m}P_{ij}, which is non-zero for some subset of the queues.

Theorem

For a BCMP network of m queues which is open, closed or mixed in which each queue is of type 1, 2, 3 or 4, the equilibrium state probabilities are given by

:\pi(x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_m) = C \pi_1(x_1) \pi_2(x_2) \cdots \pi_m(x_m),

where C is a normalizing constant chosen to make the equilibrium state probabilities sum to 1 and \scriptstyle{\pi_i(\cdot)} represents the equilibrium distribution for queue i.

Proof

The original proof of the theorem was given by checking the independent balance equations were satisfied.

Peter G. Harrison offered an alternative proof by considering reversed processes.

References

References

  1. (1975). "Open, closed and mixed networks of queues with different classes of customers". Journal of the ACM.
  2. (1990). "On the Quasireversibility of a Multiclass Brownian Service Station". Institute of Mathematical Statistics.
  3. Sinclair, Bart. "BCMP Theorem". Connexions.
  4. (2012). "Performance Modeling and Design of Computer Systems".
  5. (2004). "Reversed processes, product forms and a non-product form". Linear Algebra and Its Applications.

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queueing-theory