Bare machine

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title: "Bare machine" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["classes-of-computers", "history-of-software", "operating-systems"] description: "Computer without an operating system" topic_path: "technology/operating-systems" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bare_machine" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Computer without an operating system ::

In information technology, bare machine (or bare-metal computer) is a computer which has no operating system. The software executed by a bare machine, commonly called a "bare metal program" or "bare metal application", is designed to interact directly with hardware. Bare machines are widely used in embedded systems, particularly in cases where resources are limited or high performance is required.

Advantages

Typically, a bare-metal application will run faster, use less memory and be more power efficient than an equivalent program that relies on an operating system, due to the inherent overhead imposed by system calls. For example, hardware inputs and outputs are directly accessible to bare metal software, whereas they must usually be accessed through system calls when using an OS.

Disadvantages

Bare metal applications typically require more effort to develop because operating system services such as memory management and task scheduling are not available.

Debugging a bare-metal program may be complicated by factors such as:

• Lack of a standard output.
• The target machine may differ from the hardware used for program development (e.g., emulator, simulator). This forces setting up a way to load the bare-metal program onto the target (flashing), start the program execution and access the target resources.

Bare-metal programming is generally done using a close-to-hardware language such as Rust, C++, C, or assembly language.

Examples

Early computers

Early computers, such as the PDP-11, allowed programmers to load a program, supplied in machine code, to RAM. The resulting operation of the program could be monitored by lights, and output derived from magnetic tape, print devices, or storage.

Amdahl UTS's performance improves by 25% when run on bare metal without VM, the company said in 1986.

Embedded systems

Bare machine programming is a common practice in embedded systems, in which microcontrollers or microprocessors boot directly into monolithic, single-purpose software without loading an operating system. Such embedded software can vary in structure. For example, one such program paradigm, known as "foreground-background" or "superloop" architecture, consists of an infinite main loop in which each task is executed sequentially and must voluntarily return control back to the loop. The loop runs these cooperative "background" processes that are not time-critical, while interrupt service routines momentarily interrupt the loop to handle time-critical foreground tasks.

References

References

1. (12 January 2023). "Understanding Bare Metal: Exploring the Meaning and Benefits". DataBank.
2. "Bare Metal Overview". Intel.
3. "Is Bare-Metal Programming Dead?". DesignNews.
4. (2012). "ELI: bare-metal performance for I/O virtualization". ACM SIGPLAN Notices.
5. "Practical Guide to Bare Metal C++".
6. Beeler, Jeffry. (27 January 1986). "Amdahl broadens Unix-based UTS line". Computerworld.
7. "Embedded Systems Programming: A Foreground-Background (“Superloop”) Architecture".
8. (2016-06-30). "Basic concepts".

::callout[type=info title="Wikipedia Source"] This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page. ::