Balistes
Genus of fishes
title: "Balistes" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["balistidae", "balistes", "marine-fish-genera", "animal-taxa-named-by-carl-linnaeus", "extant-chattian-first-appearances"] description: "Genus of fishes" topic_path: "general/balistidae" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balistes" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0
::summary Genus of fishes ::
| image = Balistes vetula - 01.jpg | image_caption = Balistes vetula | fossil_range = | taxon = Balistes | authority = Linnaeus, 1758 | type_species = Balistes vetula | type_species_authority = Linnaeus, 1758 | synonyms = {{Genus list | Ballistes | Billberg, 1833 | Capriscus | Artedi, in Röse, 1793 | Capriscus | Rafinesque, 1810 | Nematobalistes | Fraser-Brunner, 1935 | Verrunculus | D. S. Jordan, 1924 | synonyms_ref =
Balistes is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Balistidae, the triggerfishes. The triggerfishes in this genus are found in the Atlantic and eastern Pacific Ocean.
Taxonomy
Balistes was first proposed as a genus by Carl Linnaeus in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae publishes in 1758. In 1865 Pieter Bleeker designated Balistes veluta as the type species of the genus. This genus is the type genus of the family Balistidae, which is classified in the suborder Balistoidei in the order Tetraodontiformes.
A 2016 study found that Balistes was non-monophyletic and stated that moving Pseudobalistes naufragium to Balistes naufragium while also moving Balistoides viridescens to Pseudobalistes viridescens results in Balistes, Balistoides and Pseudobalistes being monophyletic.
Etymology
Balistes triggerfishes have both a common name and a scientific name that refers to the first spine of the dorsal fin being locked in place by the erection of the shorter second trigger spine, and unlocked by depressing the second spine. Balistes is taken directly from the Italian pesca ballista, the "crossbow fish". Ballista originally being a machine for throwing arrows.
Species
Balistes contains the following four valid extant species; ::data[format=table]
| Image | Scientific name | Common name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
| [[File:778 Balistes capriscus 15.09.2012.jpg | 120px]] | Balistes capriscus J. F. Gmelin, 1789 | grey triggerfish |
| [[File:Balistes polylepis, finescale triggerfish, Galapagos, Ecuador (cropped).jpg | 119x119px]] | Balistes polylepis Steindachner, 1876 | finescale triggerfish |
| [[File:Balistes punctatus.png | 120px]] | Balistes punctatus J. F. Gmelin, 1789 | bluespotted triggerfish |
| [[File:Balistes vetula (queen triggerfish) (San Salvador Island, Bahamas) 4 (16151145845).jpg | 120px]] | Balistes vetula Linnaeus, 1758 | queen triggerfish |
| :: |
Fossil species
::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Balistes_dubius.png" caption="website=paleobiodb.org}}"] ::
- †Balistes crassidens Casier, 1958 (Early to Late Miocene of Trinidad & Cuba)
- †Balistes dubius (Münster, 1846) (Middle Miocene of Austria, Slovakia & the Czech Republic) (=Balistes muensteri Schultz, 2004)
- †Balistes lerichei Bauzá-Rullán, 1949 (Miocene of Spain, including Mallorca)
- †Balistes lopezi Mendiola & Martinez, 2003 (Late Miocene of Spain)
- †Balistes procapriscus Arambourg, 1927 (Late Miocene of Algeria)
- †Balistes vegai Lopez, Carr & Lorenzo, 2019 (Late Miocene of Cuba) Indeterminate remains are known from the Late Oligocene of Florida (US), the Early Miocene of Cuba, the Early Miocene of Costa Rica, the Early Miocene of Indonesia, the Middle Miocene of Poland, and the Late Miocene of Venezuela.
B. crassidens and B. vegai, both known from the Miocene of the Caribbean, were very large species that may have reached up to 1.8 m, making them much larger than any living members of the family and the largest triggerfish known to have existed. These ecosystems may have been more productive during this time period, allowing these species to reach such large sizes.
Characteristics
Balistes triggerfishes have robust, rather deep, compressed, oblong-shaped bodies. There is a clear groove which runs from below the eye to just above the nostril and a small, front opening mouth which contains strong jaws, There are 8 large outer teeth on each jaw while the teeth on the side of the jaw are notched with the largest side teeth in the centre. The gill slit is short and located in front of the base of the pectoral fin, The dorsal fin has 3 spines, the first spine is lockable in the erect position, the second spine is half the length of the first. The soft rays in the dorsal, anal and pectoral fins are branched. The caudal peduncle is laterally compressed and has no spines, tubercles or ridges on it. The pelvic fins are vestigial and consist of four scales forming a case for the end of the pelvis The skin is thick and leathery with plate-like scales that are arranged in regular diagonal rows. The snout is completely covered in scales. The large, bony scales behind the gill slit form a tympanum. The lateral line is difficult to discern. These are moderately large fishes with the largest species being the finescale triggerfish (B. polylepis) with a maximum published total length of 76 cm.
Distribution and habitat
Balistes triggerfishes are found in the Atlantic Ocean and the Eastern Pacific Ocean, with three species, the grey triggerfish, bluespotted triggerfish and the queen triggerfish, in the Eastern Atlantic. Two of the Eastern Atlantic species, the grey and the queen triggerfishes, are also found in the Western Atlantic, and one species, the fine spotted triggerfish in the Eastern Pacific. If the stone triggerfish is included then this is also found in the Eastern Pacific Ocean. These fishes are found at depths between 0 and in coastal waters.
References
References
- {{Cof family
- When he [[Species description. described]] ''B. veluta'' Linnaeus gave its [[Type locality (biology)
- "Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes Classification". [[California Academy of Sciences]].
- (January 2016). "Phylogenetic relationships and the evolution of BMP4 in triggerfishes and filefishes (Balistoidea)". [[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution]].
- Christopher Scharpf. (21 August 2024). "Order TETRAODONTIFORMES: Families MOLIDAE, BALISTIDAE, MONACANTHIDAE, ARACANIDAE and OSTRACIIDAE". Christopher Scharpf.
- "PBDB Taxon".
- Schultz, Ortwin. (2004). "A Triggerfish (Osteichthyes: Balistidae: Balistes) from the Badenian (Middle Miocene) of the Vienna and the Styrian Basin (Central Paratethys)". Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie A für Mineralogie und Petrographie, Geologie und Paläontologie, Anthropologie und Prähistorie.
- (2020-10-20). "First occurrence of fossil ''Balistes'' (Tetradontiformes: Balistidae) from the Miocene of Cuba with the description of a new species and a revision of fossil ''Balistes''". Historical Biology.
- "Genus: Balistes, Triggerfish, Triggerfishes". [[Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute]].
- {{FishBase genus. (2024)
- (2014). "Taxonomy and systematics of tetraodontiform fishes: a review focusing primarily on progress in the period from 1980 to 2014". Ichthyological Research.
- {{FishBase. Pseudobalistes. naufragium. (2024)
- {{FishBase. Balistes. punctatus. (2024)
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