Aweer language

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Lowland East Cushitic language of eastern Kenya

title: "Aweer language" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["omo–tana-languages", "languages-of-kenya"] description: "Lowland East Cushitic language of eastern Kenya" topic_path: "linguistics" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aweer_language" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Lowland East Cushitic language of eastern Kenya ::

::data[format=table title="Infobox language"]

Field	Value
name	Aweer
altname	Boni
states	Kenya
region	Coast Province, North-Eastern Province
ethnicity	Aweer
speakers	7,600
date	2009 census
ref	e18
familycolor	Afro-Asiatic
fam2	Cushitic
fam3	Lowland East
fam4	Rendille–Boni
iso3	bob
glotto	awee1242
glottorefname	Aweer
lingua	14-GAF-a
dia1	Kilii
dia2	Baddey
dia3	Bireeri
dia4	Jara
dia5	Kijee
dia6	Safaree
script	Latin
map	Eastern-Omo-Tana.jpg
mapcaption	Area where the Eastern Omo-Tana languages (minus Bayso and Rendille) are spoken
::

According to Ethnologue, there are around 8,000 speakers of Aweer. Aweer has similarities with the Garre language, however, its speakers are distinct in culture and appearance from Garre speakers.

Historical situation

There are suggestions that the Aweer speech community are remnants of the early hunter-gatherer inhabitants of Eastern Africa, although this is not without debate among specialists and unlike the neighboring speakers of the Dahalo language, there is no concrete linguistic evidence of a shift from a prior language; it is best said that the possibility of said shift is more so based on assumptions regarding their status as foragers as opposed to linguistic evidence of the same sort found in neighboring languages. As noted in Heine (1982:141), the debate regarding the situation of if the Aweer have or have not shifted from a prior language is as follows: |last=Heine |first=Bernd |year=1982 |title=Boni Dialects |series=Language and Dialect Atlas of Kenya |volume=10 |editor-last=Heine |editor-first=Bernd |editor-last2=Möhlig |editor2-first=W.J.G. |location=Berlin |publisher=Dietrich Reimer

The forest was inhabited by people speaking a non-Sam (= non-Eastern Omo–Tana) language, who, as a result of contacts with Sam pastoralists along the forest fringes, adopted a Sam language. This would imply that the Boni relationship with the Sam people is merely linguistic; their cultural origin would have to be sought with those hunter-gatherers who lived in the forest prior to the arrival of the Eastern Sam.
Part of the Eastern Sam, i.e. the immediate ancestors of the Boni, entered the coastal forest and adopted a hunter-gatherer existence. Such a development is likely to have been caused by war, stock raiding or ecological distress, forcing the Same people to give up their livestock economy.

Tosco (1994) notes that Heine agrees with the second historical scenario, and as Tosco (1994:155) goes on to state:

::quote I suppose that the "backwardness" of the cultural and economic way of life of the hunter-gatherers is probably at the very core of these theories: notwithstanding the dangers implicit in any strong association between culture and language, these people are assumed to be "linguistic survivors", because they are—presumably—"cultural survivors". These theories do not take into account that language shift is probably a much more recurrent phenomenon than any romantic association between people and culture leads us to assume. ::

Further on in the same paper, Tosco does note that there are oral traditions among the Aweer ethnic community that they had at one point had cattle and, as a result of losing them (and presumably their social status), had become foragers. A similar view can be found in Stiles (1988:41-42), |last=Stiles |first=Daniel |year=1988 |title=Historical interrelationships of the Boni with pastoral peoples of Somalia and Kenya |journal=Kenya Past and Present |volume=20 |pages=38–45

::quote[attribution="Jubba river]]. The expansion took the form of sections of the Garre communities spreading from [[Afmadow]] southwards until they reached the Jubba-Tana region, where they "coexisted with Dahaloan hunter-gatherers"; their "impact led the Dahaloan food collectors to give up their Dahaloan tongue for Garre. To this day the Aweer ... speak dialects of Garre. All that remains of their Dahaloan speech is a single community near the coast ..., even the lexicon has been influenced by Garre" (Ali 1985:161ff)''Ali, Mohammed Nuuh 1985. "History of the Horn of Africa, 1000 B.C. - 1500 AD: Aspects of Social and Economic Change between the Rift Valley and the Indian Ocean." P.h.D. Thesis, University of California, Los Angeles.''. Thus, for Ali the Boni are Dahalo that have been Somalised, just as many centuries before these hunter-gatherers had given up their original (?) Khoisan''Güldemann, T. (Ed.) (2018). The Languages and Linguistics of Africa. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. pp107 "''Since no new versions or evidence for a Khoisan hypothesis have grown out of any more recent scholarship, there is little empirical ground for left for currently propagating such a family."'' ''language and adopted a Cushitic language, i.e. Dahalo."] According to Garre traditions, the movement began "from an area located at or near the present-day settlement of Luuq, down the right side of the [[Jubba River ::

He then notes that in a forthcoming work to be published, Tosco (1992), that there are loans of East Omo-Tana (or in his words, "Somali") origin within Dahalo that could have only been loaned by either Aweer or Garre, such as the verb šir- (IPA: [ʃir-]) 'to be there, to exist' which demonstrates the sound change *k [ʃ] /_i and the verb unneed- (IPA: [ʔunneːd]) 'to swallow', which demonstrates another sound shift found in both Garre and Aweer, *ʕ [ʔ] along with the semantic shift of 'to eat' 'to swallow'; which itself is found in Aweer. Conversely, these could also be loans from Aweer into Dahalo. A similar viewpoint can be found in Nurse (2019). |last=Nurse |first=Derek |year=2019 |chapter=When Northern Swahili met southern Somali |editor=Emily Clem |editor2=Peter Jenks |editor3=Hannah Sande |title=Theory and Description in African Linguistics |pages=649–665 |location=Berlin |publisher=Language Science Press |doi=10.5281/zenodo.3367193 |isbn=978-3-96110-205-1

Phonology

The phonemic inventory reconstructed for Proto-Aweer (the last common stage of all Aweer dialects) is as follows:

::data[format=table title="[[Consonant]]s"] | Labial | Dental/ Alveolar | Palato- (alveolar) | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | Nasal | Plosive | voiceless | voiced | ejective | implosive | Fricative | Approximant | Rhotic | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | , | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ::

References

(1984). "The Waata Dialect of Oromo: Grammatical Sketch and Vocabulary". Language.
Stiles, Daniel. (2001). "Hunter-Gatherer Studies: The Importance of Context". African Study Monographs. Supplementary Issue.
Raymond G. Gordon Jr., ed. 2005. ''Ethnologue: Languages of the World''. 15th edition. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=gex Ethnologue - Garre language]
Tosco, Mauro. (1994). "The Historical Reconstruction of a Southern Somali Dialect: Proto-Karre-Boni". Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika.
"Ethnologue - Aweer language".
Ali, Mohammed Nuuh 1985. "History of the Horn of Africa, 1000 B.C. - 1500 AD: Aspects of Social and Economic Change between the Rift Valley and the Indian Ocean." P.h.D. Thesis, University of California, Los Angeles.
Güldemann, T. (Ed.) (2018). The Languages and Linguistics of Africa. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. pp107 "''Since no new versions or evidence for a Khoisan hypothesis have grown out of any more recent scholarship, there is little empirical ground for left for currently propagating such a family."''
Tosco, Mauro. 1992. The classification of Dahalo: another perspective. In Banti, Giorgio (ed.), Proceedings of the 2nd international symposium on Cushitic and Omotic languages, Turin, 16–18 November 1989. Naples: Istituto Universitario Orientale.

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