Austral language

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title: "Austral language" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["languages-of-french-polynesia", "tahitic-languages", "austral-islands", "endangered-austronesian-languages"] description: "Language of French Polynesia" topic_path: "linguistics" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austral_language" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Language of French Polynesia ::

::data[format=table title="Infobox language"]

Field	Value
name	Austral
nativename	Reo Tuha‘a pae
states	French Polynesia
region	Austral Islands
ethnicity	(2017)
speakers	5,000
date	2007 census
ref	e25
speakers2	L2 speakers: 2,000 (no date)
familycolor	Austronesian
fam2	Malayo-Polynesian
fam3	Oceanic
fam4	Polynesian
fam5	Eastern Polynesian
fam6	Tahitic
iso3	aut
glotto	aust1304
glottorefname	Austral
::

|name=Austral |nativename=Reo Tuha‘a pae |states=French Polynesia |region=Austral Islands |ethnicity= (2017) |speakers=5,000 |date=2007 census |ref=e25 |speakers2=L2 speakers: 2,000 (no date) |familycolor=Austronesian |fam2=Malayo-Polynesian |fam3=Oceanic |fam4=Polynesian |fam5=Eastern Polynesian |fam6=Tahitic |iso3=aut |glotto=aust1304 |glottorefname=Austral Austral (Reo Tuha‘a pae) is an endangered Polynesian language or a dialect continuum that was spoken by approximately 8,000 people in 1987 on the Austral Islands and the Society Islands of French Polynesia. The language is also referred to as Tubuai-Rurutu, Tubuai, Rurutu-Tupuai, or Tupuai. It is closely related to other Tahitic languages, most notably Tahitian and Māori.

History

Those who originally spoke Austral were the Tubuaians, the people of Tubuai. The island has been inhabited since at least 1215CE.

The first European to visit Tubuai was James Cook in 1777, though he did not land. The next Europeans to arrive were the mutineers of HMS Bounty in 1789. After establishing a fort, the mutineers degenerated into raiding local villages to kidnap women, and left after two months. Mutineer James Morrison recorded the population of Tubuai as "3000 souls". When Christian missionaries arrived thirty years later, the population had been reduced to just 300 people. One Protestant minister when visiting a congregation on Tubuai on January 3, 1824, wrote that several islanders were still suffering from a devastating illness. He described the symptoms and noted that several hundred had died within the previous four years. As a result, some traditional practices, beliefs, and languages have been lost or have struggled to survive. The languages of the Austral area still lack official recognition, as of 2015.

Genetic classification

Austral is an Austronesian language, as are most other languages of the Pacific. Within this family, Austral is classified as part of the Tahitic branch of the Polynesian languages, making it closely related to Tahitian and Māori.

Status

The Austral language is classified as "threatened" in the Catalogue of Endangered Languages. With less than 6% of the French Polynesian population speaking Austral, its Ethnologue status is also deemed to be "shifting". This means that the language is staying only within one generation and not being taught to their descendants. Another cause of Austral's dwindling number of speakers has been the community's gradual language shift to the more widely spoken (and closely related) Tahitian.

Dialects

Austral has four defined dialect groups: Ra'ivavae, Rimatara, Rurutu, and extinct Tubuai (also known as Tupuai). Each of these is named for and spoken on its corresponding island: Raivavae, Rimatara, Rurutu and Tubuai.

Phonology

The phonology of the different Austral dialects varies significantly. The Rurutu and Ra'ivavae dialects, for example, have only eight consonant phonemes, making it relatively difficult to understand even for speakers of Tahitian, another Polynesian language. The Ra'ivavae dialect is also unusual in that its rhotic consonant has evolved into a voiced velar stop consonant, similar to the hard "g" sound in English.

::data[format=table title="Consonants in Rurutu{{cite journal|doi=10.1515/lity.2004.8.3.305|title=Linguistic and social typology: The Austronesian migrations and phoneme inventories|year=2004|last1=Trudgill|first1=Peter|s2cid=120353858|journal=Linguistic Typology|volume=8|issue=3|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/292061/files/lity.2004.8.3.305.pdf}}"]

Labial	Alveolar	Glottal	Nasal	Plosive	Fricative	Rhotic
::

::data[format=table title="Consonants in Ra'ivavae"]

Labial	Alveolar	Velar	Glottal	Nasal	Plosive	Fricative
::

All dialects have the same five vowels , with long variants similar to practically all Polynesian languages.

Sample verbs

::data[format=table title="Austral verbs{{Cite web|url=http://wiki.verbix.com/Languages/Austral#toc3|title=Verbix Languages Languages/Austral|website=wiki.verbix.com|language=en|access-date=2018-10-19|archive-date=2018-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019121914/http://wiki.verbix.com/Languages/Austral#toc3|url-status=dead}}"]

English	Austral
To say	parau
To know	ʔite
To choose	maʔiti
To see	naanaa
To think	manaʔo
To work	ʔatapu
::

References

References

1. "Tubuai-Rurutu facts".
2. (2015). "The Atiahara site revisited: An early coastal settlement in Tubuai (Austral Islands, French Polynesia)". Archaeology in Oceania.
3. Greg Dening. (1 March 1994). "Mr Bligh's Bad Language: Passion, Power and Theatre on the Bounty". Cambridge University Press.
4. Caroline Alexander. (1 May 2004). "The Bounty: The True Story of the Mutiny on the Bounty". Penguin.
5. David Stanley. (1985). "South Pacific Handbook". David Stanley.
6. "Detailed description of Toobouai by James Morrison".
7. (1831). "Journal of voyages and travels by the Rev. Daniel Tyerman and George Bennet, esq: Deputed from the London Missionary Society, to visit their various stations in the South sea islands, China, India, &c., between the years 1821 and 1829". Frederick Westley and A. H. Davis.
8. (2005). "Fragile Paradise: The Discovery of Fletcher Christian, Bounty Mutineer". Long Riders' Guild Press.
9. Hinz, Earl R.. (2006). "Landfalls of Paradise: Cruising Guide to the Pacific Islands". University of Hawaii Press.
10. Bacchet, P.. (6 March 2017). "Tubuai: The Island of Contrast".
11. "Austronesian".
12. Lee, Nala Huiying. (17 March 2015). "Assessing levels of endangerment in the Catalogue of Endangered Languages (ELCat) using the Language Endangerment Index (LEI)".
13. (2015). "Atlas Linguistique de Polynésie Française — Linguistic Atlas of French Polynesia". Mouton de Gruyter & Université de la Polynésie Française.
14. (2004). "Linguistic and social typology: The Austronesian migrations and phoneme inventories". Linguistic Typology.
15. "Verbix Languages Languages/Austral".

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