Asur language
Munda language spoken in India
title: "Asur language" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["munda-languages", "endangered-languages-of-india"] description: "Munda language spoken in India" topic_path: "linguistics" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asur_language" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0
::summary Munda language spoken in India ::
::data[format=table title="Infobox language"]
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| name | Asuri |
| nativename | असुर |
| states | India |
| ethnicity | Asur |
| speakers | |
| date | 2007 |
| ref | e18 |
| familycolor | Austro-Asiatic |
| fam2 | Munda |
| fam3 | North |
| fam4 | Kherwarian |
| fam5 | Mundaric |
| iso3 | asr |
| glotto | asur1254 |
| glottorefname | Asuri |
| :: |
|name=Asuri |nativename=असुर |states=India |region= |ethnicity=Asur |speakers= |date=2007 |ref=e18 |familycolor=Austro-Asiatic |fam2=Munda |fam3=North |fam4=Kherwarian |fam5=Mundaric |iso3=asr |glotto=asur1254 |glottorefname=Asuri
Asuri is an Austroasiatic language spoken by the Asur people, part of the Munda branch. Asuri has many Dravidian loanwords due to contact with Kurukh.
Sociolinguistic
The majority of Asuri speakers reside in the Gumla district of Chota Nagpur. In addition, there are smaller groups of Asuri speakers in Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, Odisha.
Ethnologue states that Birjia is a dialect of Asuri, but also that there is a related language Birjia; it is not clear if these refer to the same thing. However, Anderson (2008:195), based on Prasad (1961:314), suggests that Birjia (Binjhia) may be an Indo-Aryan language, although the Birjia are an ethnic subgroup of the Asuri tribe, along with the Asur proper and the Agariya.
Majhwar is unclassified, but based on location and other clues, it may turn out to be a dialect of Asuri. If so, its 35,000 speakers (reported in 1995, out of an ethnic group of 175,000) would make it the most populous form of Asuri.
Asuri is considered to be an endangered language. One important reason for its distinction as endangered is due to a lack of any written form of the language. It exists only as a spoken language There are a total of 31 phonemes in Asuri, made up of twenty-six "segmental" and five "supra-segmental" phonemes. Of the former, there are twenty-one consonants and five vowels.
The Asur language is listed in UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. Using mobile radio, the Asur community, a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group(PVTG) in Jharkhand, has been spreading the popularity of the language within their geographical limits. News and entertainment programmes are broadcast on speakers at public places.
Geographical distribution
Ethnologue lists the following districts and states where Asuri is spoken.
- Jharkhand: southern Palamau district, northern Ranchi district, Gumla district, and Lohardaga district of the Chota Nagpur Plateau
- Chhattisgarh: Raigarh district and Jashpur district area
- Odisha: Sambalpur district
- West Bengal
Phonology
Vowels
Asuri lacks phonemic nasalization, so a nasalised vowel cannot affect word meaning. Nasalizations are consistently used in words borrowed from Hindi and in onomatopoeic words like words for animal sounds. No acoustic studies have ever been done focusing on Asuri vowel length, durations, quality, frequencies, correlated features, and syllable prominence neither. ::data[format=table]
| Front | Central | Back | Close | Mid | Open | Diphthong |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| :: |
Consonants
::data[format=table] | Bilabial | Denti- Alveolar | Retroflex | Postalv./ Palatal | Velar | Glottal | Stop/Affricate | voiceless | aspirated | voiced | aspirated | Fricative | Nasal | Approximant | Trill | Flap | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | | | | | | () | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ::
Morphology
Person indexation
Asuri belongs to the Mundaric type of Kherwarian languages which allows a transitive verb to encode maximum two pronominal clitic markers. The shorter forms of these person clitics only attach to the last open syllables.
::data[format=table]
| singular | dual | plural | 1st person | exclusive | inclusive | 2nd person | 3rd person |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| =iŋ/=ɲ | =aliŋ/=liŋ | =ale/=le | |||||
| =alaŋ/=laŋ | =abu/=bu | ||||||
| =am/=m | =aben/=ben | =ape/=pe | |||||
| =ae/=e | =akin/=kin | =aku/=ku | |||||
| :: |
Tense, mood, aspect/aktionsart
::data[format=table]
| Active | Middle | Future | Present | Present Progressive | Simple Past | Perfect | Past perfect | Habitual | Irrealis | Imperative |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -ku/-ko/-kw/-k/-ke | – | |||||||||
| -Ø | – | |||||||||
| -d | -tan | |||||||||
| -l/-ked | -n/-nen | |||||||||
| -tad | – | |||||||||
| – | -tahil/-tahin/-t̪ʰin | |||||||||
| -kin | ||||||||||
| -ta/tahi-kw/ku/ko/k/ke | ||||||||||
| -e | ||||||||||
| :: |
Voice-valency
::data[format=table]
| Marker | Passive | Causative | Reciprocal | Reflexive |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| -o | ||||
| -tʃi | ||||
| -opɽiŋo | ||||
| -l-n | ||||
| :: |
References
References
- Chaudhuri, Sarit Kumar & Chaudhuri, Sucheta Sen (2005). Primitive Tribes in Contemporary India: Concept, Ethnography and Demography, Volume 1, pp.50-59. Mittal Publications. {{ISBN
- Prasad, Narmadeshwar (1961). Land and People of Tribal Bihar, p.305. Bihar Tribal Research Institute, Government of Bihar
- Baskaran, S. G. (2015). Consonant Sequence and Syllable Formation in Asuri. ''Language In India'', ''15''(5), 23-34.
- Baskaran, S. Ganesh. (4 April 2015). "Phonemes of Asuri". Language in India.
- Barik, Satyasundar. (2020-02-15). "Radio aids revival of dying tribal language". The Hindu.
- Khalid, Zoya. (2020-08-01). "A Phonological Sketch of Asur". Language in India.
- Khalid, Zoya. (2024-09-01). "Structure of Asur verbs". Language in India.
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