APOBEC3C

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Protein-coding gene in humans

title: "APOBEC3C" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["ec-3.5.4"] description: "Protein-coding gene in humans" topic_path: "general/ec-3-5-4" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APOBEC3C" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Protein-coding gene in humans ::

DNA dC-dU-editing enzyme APOBEC-3C is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APOBEC3C gene.

A3C belong to the A3 family of cytidine deaminases that act as restriction factors against diverse retroviruses. A3C was reported to inhibit simian immunodeficiency deficiency virus potently rather than HIV-1, in absence of viral infectivity factor, Vif. Enhancing A3C's catalytic activity had only a marginal effect on HIV-1 replication (in absence of Vif), the counteractive viral mechanism is unclear. A3C was also shown to inhibit other viruses.

Function

This gene is a member of the cytidine deaminase gene family. It is one of seven related genes or pseudogenes found in a cluster thought to result from gene duplication, on chromosome 22. Members of the cluster encode proteins that are structurally and functionally related to the C to U RNA-editing cytidine deaminase APOBEC1. Conversely, A3 proteins enzymatically convert cytidine to uridine present in the single stranded DNA. Two residues in loop 1 of A3C were demonstrated to determine its antiviral activity against HIV-1.

Structure

The crystal structure of A3C suggests a putative HIV-1 vif binding region. A3C was found to inhibit LINE-1 elements by directly interacting with ORF1p proteins, in a deaminase-independent manner.

References

References

  1. (March 2002). "An anthropoid-specific locus of orphan C to U RNA-editing enzymes on chromosome 22". Genomics.
  2. "Entrez Gene: APOBEC3C apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3C".
  3. (December 2004). "APOBEC3B and APOBEC3C are potent inhibitors of simian immunodeficiency virus replication". The Journal of Biological Chemistry.
  4. (April 2017). "Enhancing the Catalytic Deamination Activity of APOBEC3C Is Insufficient to Inhibit Vif-Deficient HIV-1". Journal of Molecular Biology.
  5. (September 2007). "Hepatitis B virus DNA is subject to extensive editing by the human deaminase APOBEC3C". Hepatology.
  6. (August 2011). "Genetic editing of herpes simplex virus 1 and Epstein-Barr herpesvirus genomes by human APOBEC3 cytidine deaminases in culture and in vivo". Journal of Virology.
  7. (May 2008). "Hypermutation of hepatitis B virus genomes by APOBEC3G, APOBEC3C and APOBEC3H". The Journal of General Virology.
  8. (October 2011). "Core-APOBEC3C chimerical protein inhibits hepatitis B virus replication". Journal of Biochemistry.
  9. (February 2015). "APOBEC3A and 3C decrease human papillomavirus 16 pseudovirion infectivity". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.
  10. (May 2004). "Single-strand specificity of APOBEC3G accounts for minus-strand deamination of the HIV genome". Nature Structural & Molecular Biology.
  11. (November 2002). "RNA editing enzyme APOBEC1 and some of its homologs can act as DNA mutators". Molecular Cell.
  12. (July 2003). "DNA deamination: not just a trigger for antibody diversification but also a mechanism for defense against retroviruses". Nature Immunology.
  13. (June 2003). "DNA deamination mediates innate immunity to retroviral infection". Cell.
  14. (December 2004). "APOBEC3B and APOBEC3C are potent inhibitors of simian immunodeficiency virus replication". The Journal of Biological Chemistry.
  15. (October 2020). "Loop 1 of APOBEC3C regulates its antiviral activity against HIV-1". Journal of Molecular Biology.
  16. (October 2012). "The APOBEC3C crystal structure and the interface for HIV-1 Vif binding". Nature Structural & Molecular Biology.
  17. (November 2016). "Vif Proteins from Diverse Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Lineages Have Distinct Binding Sites in A3C". Journal of Virology.
  18. (January 2014). "Human LINE-1 restriction by APOBEC3C is deaminase independent and mediated by an ORF1p interaction that affects LINE reverse transcriptase activity". Nucleic Acids Research.

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