Antimony pentachloride

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Chemical compound

title: "Antimony pentachloride" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["antimony(v)-compounds", "chlorides", "metal-halides", "oxidizing-agents"] description: "Chemical compound" topic_path: "general/antimony-v-compounds" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony_pentachloride" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Chemical compound ::

| Verifiedfields = changed | Watchedfields = changed | verifiedrevid = 477313723 | Name = Antimony pentachloride | ImageFileL1 = Antimony-pentachloride-3D-balls.png | ImageClassL1 = bg-transparent | ImageSizeL1 = 100 | ImageNameL1 = Antimony pentachloride | ImageFileR1 = SbCl5-dimensions-by-ED-from-CRC-91-2D.png | ImageClassR1 = skin-invert | ImageSizeR1 = 120 | ImageFile2 = Antimony pentachloride in an ampoule.jpg | ImageSize2 = 200px | IUPACName = Antimony pentachloride Antimony(V) chloride | OtherNames = Antimonic chloride Antimony perchloride | Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers |SMILES = [Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[SbH3+3] |InChI = 1/5ClH.Sb.3H/h51H;;;;/q;;;;;+3;;;/p-5/r5ClH.H3Sb/h51H;1H3/q;;;;;+3/p-5 |InChIKey = KUGFODPTKMDJNG-MEZDTJOHAL |InChI1 = 1/5ClH.Sb/h51H;/q;;;;;+3/p-5 |InChIKey1 = PZVOXSCNPLCIRA-AACRGIKGAS |SMILES1 = [SbH3+3].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-] |StdInChI_Ref = |StdInChI = 1S/5ClH.Sb/h51H;/q;;;;;+3/p-5 |StdInChIKey_Ref = |StdInChIKey = PZVOXSCNPLCIRA-UHFFFAOYSA-I |CASNo = 7647-18-9 |CASNo_Ref = |UNII_Ref = |UNII = 0S9308207L |EINECS = 231-601-8 |RTECS = CC5075000 |ChemSpiderID_Ref = |ChemSpiderID = 10613049 |PubChem = 24294 | Section2 = {{Chembox Properties |Sb=1 | Cl=5 |Appearance = colorless or reddish-yellow (fuming) liquid, oily |Odor = pungent, offensive |Density = 2.336 g/cm3 (20 °C) 2.36 g/cm3 (25 °C) |Solubility = reacts |SolubleOther = soluble in alcohol, HCl, tartaric acid, CHCl3, CS2, CCl4 |Solubility1 = 62.97 g/100 g (25 °C) |Solvent1 = selenium(IV) oxychloride |MeltingPtC = 2.8 |BoilingPtC = 140 |BoilingPt_notes = decomposes from 106 °C 79 C at 22 mmHg 92 C at 30 mmHg |Viscosity = 2.034 cP (29.4 °C) 1.91 cP (35 °C) |RefractIndex = 1.59255 |VaporPressure = 0.16 kPa (25 °C) 4 kPa (40 °C) 7.7 kPa (100 °C) |MagSus = −120.0·10−6 cm3/mol | Section3 = {{Chembox Structure |MolShape = Trigonal bipyramidal |Dipole = 0 D | Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry |Thermochemistry_ref = |HeatCapacity = 120.9 J/mol·K (gas) |Entropy = 295 J/mol·K |DeltaHf = −437.2 kJ/mol |DeltaGf = −345.35 kJ/mol | Section5 = {{Chembox Hazards |GHSPictograms =
|GHS_ref = |GHSSignalWord = Danger |HPhrases = |PPhrases = |NFPA-H = 4 |NFPA-F = 0 |NFPA-R = 2 |NFPA-S = W+OX |FlashPtC = 77 |LD50 = 1115 mg/kg, (rat, oral) |InhalationHazard = Toxic |REL = TWA 0.5 mg/m3 (as Sb) |PEL = TWA 0.5 mg/m3 (as Sb) | Section6 = {{Chembox Related |OtherAnions = Antimony pentafluoride |OtherCations =Phosphorus pentachloride |OtherCompounds = Antimony trichloride

Antimony pentachloride is a chemical compound with the formula SbCl5. It is a colourless oil, but typical samples are yellowish due to dissolved chlorine. Owing to its tendency to hydrolyse to hydrochloric acid, SbCl5 is a highly corrosive substance and must be stored in glass or PTFE containers.

Preparation and structure

Antimony pentachloride is prepared by passing chlorine gas into molten antimony trichloride: :SbCl3 + Cl2 → SbCl5

Gaseous SbCl5 has a trigonal bipyramidal structure.

Reactions

This compounds reacts with water to form antimony pentoxide and hydrochloric acid: :2 SbCl5 + 5 H2O → Sb2O5 + 10 HCl

The mono- and tetrahydrates are known, SbCl5·H2O and SbCl5·4H2O.

This compound forms adducts with many Lewis bases. SbCl5 is a soft Lewis acid and its ECW model parameters are EA = 3.64 and CA = 10.42. It is used as the standard Lewis acid in the Gutmann scale of Lewis basicity.

It is also a strong oxidizing agent. For example aromatic ethers are oxidized to their radical cations according to the following stoichiometry: :3SbCl5 + 2 ArH → 2(ArH+)(SbCl6−) + SbCl3

Applications

Antimony pentachloride is used as a polymerization catalyst and for the chlorination of organic compounds.

Precautions

Antimony pentachloride is a highly corrosive substance that should be stored away from heat and moisture. It is a chlorinating agent and, in the presence of moisture, it releases hydrogen chloride gas. Because of this, it may etch even stainless-steel tools (such as needles), if handled in a moist atmosphere. It should not be handled with non-fluorinated plastics (such as plastic syringes, plastic septa, or needles with plastic fittings), since it melts and carbonizes plastic materials.

References

References

  1. "Antimony(V) chloride".
  2. "Antimony pentachloride (UK PID)".
  3. {{nist
  4. {{Sigma-Aldrich
  5. {{PGCH. 0036
  6. {{Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd
  7. Pradyot Patnaik. ''Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals''. McGraw-Hill, 2002, {{ISBN. 0-07-049439-8
  8. V. Gutmann. (1976). "Solvent effects on the reactivities of organometallic compounds". [[Coord. Chem. Rev.]].
  9. (1977). "Graphical display of the enthalpies of adduct formation for Lewis acids and bases". Journal of Chemical Education.
  10. (1996). "Chemical Redox Agents for Organometallic Chemistry". [[Chem. Rev.]].
  11. (1998). "Preparation and Structures of Crystalline Aromatic Cation-Radical Salts. Triethyloxonium Hexachloroantimonate as a Novel (One-Electron) Oxidant". The Journal of Organic Chemistry.
  12. Shekarchi, M.; Behbahani, F. K ''Catal. Lett.'' '''2017''' ''147'' 2950. doi:10.1007/s10562-017-2194-2

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antimony(v)-compoundschloridesmetal-halidesoxidizing-agents