Annona

Quality 0.50 · 3 views · Updated 2 months ago

Genus of fruits and plants

title: "Annona" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["annona", "tropical-fruit", "annonaceae-genera"] description: "Genus of fruits and plants" topic_path: "general/annona" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annona" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Genus of fruits and plants ::

|fossil_range = Late Cretaceous – present |image = Sugar apple with cross section.jpg |image_caption = Annona squamosa |image2 = Soursop, Annona muricata.jpg |image2_caption = Annona muricata |display_parents = 2 |taxon = Annona |authority = L.{{cite web | url = https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ANNON | title = PLANTS Profile, Annona L. | access-date = 2008-04-16 | author = Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) | author-link = Natural Resources Conservation Service | work = The PLANTS Database | publisher = United States Department of Agriculture |subdivision_ranks = Species |subdivision = Some 169 (see text) |synonyms =

  • Guanabanus Mill.
  • Raimondia Saff.
  • Rollinia A.St.-Hil.
  • Rolliniopsis Saff. |synonyms_ref = |type_species = Annona muricata

Annona or Anona (from Taíno annon) is a genus of flowering plants in the pawpaw/sugar apple family, Annonaceae. It is the second largest genus in the family after Guatteria, containing approximately 166 species of mostly Neotropical and Afrotropical trees and shrubs.{{cite journal | last =Flora of North America | author-link =Flora of North America | title = 1. Annona Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 536. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 241, 1754 | volume =3 | url = http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=101891 | access-date = 2008-04-20 }}

The generic name derives from anón, a Hispaniolan Taíno word for the fruit. Paleoethnobotanical studies have dated Annona exploitation and cultivation in the Yautepec River region of Mexico to approximately 1000 BC.{{cite book | last = Warrington | first = Ian J. Warrington | title = Apples: Botany, Production and Uses | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AxbUJntXepEC | access-date = 2008-04-20 | publisher = CABI Publishing | isbn = 0-85199-592-6 | chapter = Annonaceae | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AxbUJntXepEC&pg=PA74 | year = 2003

Currently, seven Annona species (A. cherimola, A. muricata, A. squamosa, A. reticulata, A. senegalensis, A. scleroderma, A. purpurea) and one hybrid (the atemoya) are cultivated for domestic or commercial use, mostly for the edible and nutritious fruits; several others such as A. crassiflora and A. salzmannii also produce edible fruits.{{cite web |url=http://www.icuc-iwmi.org/files/News/Resources/Factsheets/annona.pdf |title=Factsheet No. 5. Annona |access-date=2008-04-20 |author=University of Southampton |author-link=University of Southampton |date=March 2002 |work=Fruits for the Future |publisher=Department for International Development, International Centre for Underutilised Crops |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720053635/http://www.icuc-iwmi.org/files/News/Resources/Factsheets/annona.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-20 | last = Pilar Rauter | first = Amélia | author2 = A. F. Dos Santos |author3=A. E. G. Santana | title = Natural Products in the New Millennium: Prospects and Industrial Application | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4rrC7c_6OUoC | year = 2002 | publisher = Springer Science+Business Media | isbn = 1-4020-1047-8 | pages = 540 pages | chapter = Toxicity of Some species of Annona Toward Artemia Salina Leach and Biomphalaria Glabrata Say | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4rrC7c_6OUoC&pg=PA264 | access-date = 2008-04-20 | last =Esposti | first =M Degli | author-link =University of Bologna |author2=A Ghelli |author3=M Ratta |author4=D Cortes |author5=E Estornell | title =Natural substances (acetogenins) from the family Annonaceae are powerful inhibitors of mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) | journal =The Biochemical Journal | volume =301 | issue =Pt 1 | pages = 161–7 | publisher =The Biochemical Society | date =1994-07-01 | pmc=1137156 | pmid =8037664 | doi=10.1042/bj3010161}} The first complete genome for a species in this genus (Annona muricata) was published in 2021. The earliest fossils have been found in the Lance Formation dating to the Late Cretaceous.

Description

Annona species are taprooted, evergreen or semideciduous, tropical trees or shrubs. The plants typically grow in areas where air temperature does not drop below 28 F, especially Cuba, Jamaica, Central America, India the Philippines and Calabria (southern Italy). However, they have also been known to grow in certain parts of the Andes mountains in South America and in Florida.

The woody trunks have thin bark that has broad and shallow depressions or fissures which join together and are scaly, giving rise to slender, stiff, cylindrical, and tapering shoots with raised pores and naked buds. Leaf blades can be leathery or thin and rather soft or pliable, bald or hairy.

The flowering stalks rise from axils, or occasionally from axillary buds on main stems or older stems, or as solitary flowers or small bundles of flowers. Usually, the three or four deciduous sepals are smaller than the outer petals that do not overlap while in bud. Six to eight fleshy petals are arranged in two whorls—the petals of the outer whorl are larger and do not overlap; inner petals are ascending and distinctively smaller, and nectar glands are darker pigmented. The numerous stamens are ball-shaped, club-shaped, or curved and hooded or pointed beyond anther sac. Numerous pistils, attached directly to the base, are partially united to various degrees with a distinct stigma, with one or two ovules per pistil; the style and stigma are club-shaped or narrowly conic.

One fleshy, ovate to spherical fruit is produced per flower. Each fruit consists of many individual small fruits or syncarps, with one syncarp and seed per pistil. Seeds are bean-like with tough coats; the seed kernels are toxic.

Pollination occurs via Dynastid scarab beetles, which appear to be basic generalists within the genus Annona. Those species of Annona which are more morphologically derived, as well as all Rollinia spp., possess reduced floral chambers and attract small beetles such as Nitidulidae or Staphylinidae.{{cite journal | last =Gottsberger | first =Gerhard | author-link =University of Giessen | title =Comments on flower evolution and beetle pollination in the genera Annona and Rollinia (Annonaceae) | journal =Plant Systematics and Evolution | volume =167 | issue =3–4 | pages =189–194 | publisher =Springer Science+Business Media | date =28 April 1988 | doi =10.1007/BF00936405 | s2cid =40889017

Toxicology

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Annonacin.svg" caption="[[Annonacin]] is a [[neurotoxin]] found in ''[[Annona muricata]]'' seeds."] ::

The compound annonacin and dozens of other acetogenins contained in the seeds and fruit of some members of Annonaceae such as Annona muricata (soursop) are neurotoxins and seem to be the cause of a Parkinson-like neurodegenerative disease. The only group of people known to be affected by this disease live on the Caribbean island of Guadeloupe and the problem presumably occurs with the consumption of plants containing annonacin. The disorder is a so-called tauopathy associated with a pathologic accumulation of tau protein in the brain. Experimental results published in 2007 demonstrated for the first time that the plant neurotoxin annonacin is responsible for this accumulation.

Selected species

Main article: List of Annona species

There are 169 accepted Annona species, as of April 2021, according to Plants of the World Online.

Hybrids

Insects and diseases

Annona species are generally disease-free. They are susceptible to some fungi and wilt. Ants may also be a problem, since they promote mealybugs on the fruit.{{cite web |url=http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/counties/ceventura/Agriculture265/Cherimoya.htm |title=Cherimoya |access-date=2008-04-20 |author=Robert Vieth |author-link=University of California, Davis |work=Minor subtropicals |publisher=Ventura County Cooperative Extension |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806030013/http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/counties/ceventura/Agriculture265/Cherimoya.htm |archive-date=2007-08-06

;Insects

;Fungi

;Nematodes

;Algae

;Diseases

  • Fruit rot

References

Images

File:Atemola (cross of Annona cherimola and Annona squamosa).jpg|Atemoya (A. cherimola × A. squamosa) File:Cherimoya plantage hg.jpg|Cherimoya (A. cherimola) plantation File:Annona muricata-guanábana.jpg|Soursop (A. muricata) File:Sugar-apples 5, Taitung County, Dec 06.JPG|Sugar apples (A. squamosa) File:Anona-custard-apple-inside1.jpg|Sugar apple (A. squamosa) interior File:Anona-custard-apple-inside2.jpg|Sugar apple interior File:Anona-custard-apple-outside.jpg|Sugar apple exterior File:Annona_muricata2.jpg|Annona muricata File:Araticum 3.jpg|A. crassiflora fruit File:Annona salzmannii27.JPG|The fruit of A. salzmannii File:Annona squamosa (Custurd Apple) flower in Hyderabad W IMG 7408.jpg|Annona squamosa flower and leaves in Hyderabad, India File:Annona glabra fl.jpg|Annona glabra fruit. File:Annona cherimola fruit, Pedra Bela, Brazil.jpg|Annona cherimola fruit, Pedra Bela, Brazil File:Halved annona fruit.JPG|Halved annona fruit File:Annona fruit.JPG|Annona tree, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico File:Anonna fruit.JPG|Annona fruit

References

  1. {{ITIS
  2. [http://www.theplantlist.org/browse/A/Annonaceae/Annona/ Species of Annona] on [[The Plant List]]. Retrieved 2013-05-28.
  3. Austin, Daniel F.. (2004). "Florida Ethnobotany". CRC Press.
  4. (2021). "Chromosome-level reference genome of the soursop (Annona muricata): A new resource for Magnoliid research and tropical pomology". Molecular Ecology Resources.
  5. "P3855 (Cretaceous of the United States)".
  6. Informationsdienst Wissenschaft: ''[http://idw.tu-clausthal.de/pages/de/news207375 Tauopathie durch pflanzliches Nervengift] {{webarchive. link. (June 13, 2007 '', 4. Mai 2007)
  7. "Annona L.". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  8. Timyan, J.. (2020). "''Annona rosei''".

::callout[type=info title="Wikipedia Source"] This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page. ::

annonatropical-fruitannonaceae-genera