Amarinder Singh

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title: "Amarinder Singh" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["1942-births", "the-doon-school-alumni", "living-people", "people-from-patiala", "chief-ministers-of-punjab,-india", "pretenders", "punjabi-sikhs", "indian-army-personnel", "shiromani-akali-dal-politicians", "lawrence-school,-sanawar-alumni", "india-mps-1980–1984", "india-mps-2014–2019", "punjab,-india-mlas-1985–1990", "punjab,-india-mlas-1992–1997", "punjab,-india-mlas-2002–2007", "punjab,-india-mlas-2007–2012", "punjab,-india-mlas-2012–2017", "punjab,-india-mlas-2017–2022", "lok-sabha-members-from-punjab,-india", "chief-ministers-from-indian-national-congress", "indian-national-congress-politicians-from-punjab,-india", "punjab-lok-congress-politicians", "bharatiya-janata-party-politicians-from-punjab", "20th-century-indian-royalty", "20th-century-indian-military-personnel", "presidents-of-punjab-pradesh-congress-committee", "people-from-punjab-province-(british-india)", "phulkian-dynasty"] description: "15th Chief Minister of Punjab, India" topic_path: "law" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarinder_Singh" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary 15th Chief Minister of Punjab, India ::

::data[format=table title="Infobox officeholder"]

Field	Value
image	Amarinder Singh.jpg
caption	Singh in 2017
birth_date
birth_place	Patiala, Patiala State, Punjab States Agency, British India
(present-day Punjab, India)
office	15th Chief Minister of Punjab
term_start	16 March 2017
term_end	19 September 2021
predecessor	Parkash Singh Badal
successor	Charanjit Singh Channi
governor	V. P. Singh Badnore
Banwarilal Purohit
term_start1	26 February 2002
term_end1	1 March 2007
deputy1	Rajinder Kaur Bhattal (from 6 January 2004)
governor1	J. F. R. Jacob
O. P. Verma
Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai (additional charge)
Sunith Francis Rodrigues
predecessor1	Parkash Singh Badal
successor1	Parkash Singh Badal
1blankname2	Ministries and Departments
1namedata2	Minister of Administrative Reforms, Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare, Horticulture, Conservation of Land and Water, Excise & Taxation, General Administration, Home Affairs & Justice, Legal & Legislative Affairs, Vigilance, Personnel, Civil Aviation, Defence Services Welfare, Hospitality, Investment Promotion, Information & Public Relations, Environment, Wildlife, NRI Affairs
Government of Punjab, India
term_start2	16 March 2017
term_end2	18 September 2021
predecessor2	Parkash Singh Badal
successor2	Charanjit Singh Channi
office3	Member of the Legislative Assembly, Punjab
term_start3	11 March 2017
term_end3	15 March 2022
predecessor3	Preneet Kaur
successor3	Ajit Pal Singh Kohli
constituency3	Patiala
term_start4	2002
term_end4	2014
predecessor4	Surjit Singh Kohli
successor4	Preneet Kaur
constituency4	Patiala Town
term_start5	1992
term_end5	1997
predecessor5	Hardial Singh Rajla
successor5	Jagtar Singh Rajla
constituency5	Samana
term_start6	1985
term_end6	1992
predecessor6	Avtar Singh
successor6	Harminder Singh
constituency6	Talwandi Sabo
office7	Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha
constituency7	Amritsar
term_start7	26 May 2014
term_end7	23 November 2016
predecessor7	Navjot Singh Sidhu
successor7	Gurjeet Singh Aujla
constituency8	Patiala
term_start8	1980
term_end8	1984
predecessor8	Gurcharan Singh Tohra
successor8	Charanjit Singh Walia
party	Bharatiya Janata Party
otherparty
nationality	Indian
father	Yadavindra Singh
mother	Mohinder Kaur
spouse
children	2, including Raninder Singh
website
allegiance	India
branch
serviceyears	1963–1966
rank	[[File:Captain of the Indian Army.svg
unit	Sikh Regiment
honorific_prefix	Captain (Retd.)
module	{{Infobox pretender
embed	yes
title	Maharaja of Patiala
throne	Patiala
pretend from	17 June 1974–present
year	Sovereign monarchy
1947 (Instrument of Accession)
Titular monarchy
1971 (26th Amendment of the Indian Constitution)
predecessor	Yadavindra Singh
heir_apparent	Raninder Singh
signature	Amarinder Singh signature.svg
battles	Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
::

| image = Amarinder Singh.jpg | caption = Singh in 2017 | birth_date = | birth_place = Patiala, Patiala State, Punjab States Agency, British India (present-day Punjab, India) | office = 15th Chief Minister of Punjab | term_start = 16 March 2017 | term_end = 19 September 2021 | predecessor = Parkash Singh Badal | successor = Charanjit Singh Channi | governor = V. P. Singh Badnore Banwarilal Purohit | term_start1 = 26 February 2002 | term_end1 = 1 March 2007 | deputy1 = Rajinder Kaur Bhattal (from 6 January 2004) | governor1 = J. F. R. Jacob O. P. Verma Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai (additional charge) Sunith Francis Rodrigues | predecessor1 = Parkash Singh Badal | successor1 = Parkash Singh Badal | 1blankname2 = Ministries and Departments | 1namedata2 = Minister of Administrative Reforms, Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare, Horticulture, Conservation of Land and Water, Excise & Taxation, General Administration, Home Affairs & Justice, Legal & Legislative Affairs, Vigilance, Personnel, Civil Aviation, Defence Services Welfare, Hospitality, Investment Promotion, Information & Public Relations, Environment, Wildlife, NRI Affairs Government of Punjab, India | term_start2 = 16 March 2017 | term_end2 = 18 September 2021 | predecessor2 = Parkash Singh Badal | successor2 = Charanjit Singh Channi | office3 = Member of the Legislative Assembly, Punjab | term_start3 = 11 March 2017 | term_end3 = 15 March 2022 | predecessor3 = Preneet Kaur | successor3 = Ajit Pal Singh Kohli | constituency3 = Patiala | term_start4 = 2002 | term_end4 = 2014 | predecessor4 = Surjit Singh Kohli | successor4 = Preneet Kaur | constituency4 = Patiala Town | term_start5 = 1992 | term_end5 = 1997 | predecessor5 = Hardial Singh Rajla | successor5 = Jagtar Singh Rajla | constituency5 = Samana | term_start6 = 1985 | term_end6 = 1992 | predecessor6 = Avtar Singh | successor6 = Harminder Singh | constituency6 = Talwandi Sabo | office7 = Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha | constituency7 = Amritsar | term_start7 = 26 May 2014 | term_end7 = 23 November 2016 | predecessor7 = Navjot Singh Sidhu | successor7 = Gurjeet Singh Aujla | constituency8 = Patiala | term_start8 = 1980 | term_end8 = 1984 | predecessor8 = Gurcharan Singh Tohra | successor8 = Charanjit Singh Walia | party = Bharatiya Janata Party | otherparty = | nationality = Indian | education = | father = Yadavindra Singh | mother = Mohinder Kaur | spouse = | children = 2, including Raninder Singh | website = | allegiance = India | branch = | serviceyears = 1963–1966 | rank = [[File:Captain of the Indian Army.svg|21px]] Captain | unit = Sikh Regiment | honorific_prefix = Captain (Retd.) | module = {{Infobox pretender | embed = yes | title = Maharaja of Patiala | throne = Patiala | pretend from = 17 June 1974–present | year = Sovereign monarchy 1947 (Instrument of Accession) Titular monarchy 1971 (26th Amendment of the Indian Constitution) | predecessor = Yadavindra Singh | heir_apparent = Raninder Singh | signature = Amarinder Singh signature.svg | battles = Indo-Pakistani War of 1965

Amarinder Singh (born 11 March 1942) is an Indian politician, military historian, former royal and Indian Army veteran who served as the 15th Chief Minister of Punjab. His father, Yadavindra Singh, was the last Maharaja of the princely state of Patiala and a member of the historical Phulkian dyansty. Before starting his political career, Singh was an officer in the Indian Army, where he served from 1963 to 1966.

In his long political career, Singh has served in numerous positions including as a Member of the Legislative Assembly in Punjab and as a Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha. He also served as the president of the Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee thrice. Singh served as the Chief Minister of Punjab from 2002 to 2007 and 2017 to 2021. As of November 2022, Singh also serves as the chairman of the Punjab Urdu Academy. On 19 September 2022, he merged his party, Punjab Lok Congress, which he formed after leaving the Indian National Congress, with the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and joined BJP on the same day.

Early life and education

Singh was born on 11 March 1942 in Patiala, Patiala State, Punjab Province, British India. He was born into a royal Punjabi Jat Sikh family of the Sidhu clan to parents Maharaja Sir Yadavindra Singh and Maharani Mohinder Kaur of Patiala. His father, Yadavindra, was the last Maharaja of Patiala. Singh's family belongs to the historical Phulkian dynasty. In his youth, Singh held the tile of Yuvraj, which meant crown prince; however, royal titles were abolished by the Government of India in 1971 by the 26th Amendment to the Constitution of India.

Singh attended the Loreto Convent in Kaithu, Shimla and Lawrence School in Kasauli, Solan District, before going to The Doon School in Dehradun.

Army career

Singh served in the Indian Army from June 1963 to December 1966 after graduating from the National Defence Academy and the Indian Military Academy. He was commissioned into the Sikh Regiment. He served as the aide-de-camp to the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Command, Lieutenant General Harbaksh Singh, from December 1964. He left the army in early 1965 to look after his family but returned to service with the start of the 1965 Indo-Pakistan War.

His father and grandfather, Maharaja Bhupinder Singh, served in the Indian Army and the British Indian Army, and Singh stated, in 2010, that the Army will always be his first love.

Political career

Early career

Singh was inducted into the Indian National Congress (INC) by Rajiv Gandhi, his friend from school and who later became Prime Minister of India, and was first elected to the Lok Sabha in 1980. In 1984, he resigned from Parliament and from the INC as a protest against the Army's actions during Operation Blue Star. Subsequently, he joined the Shiromani Akali Dal, was elected to the state legislature from Talwandi Sabo and became a minister in the Punjab state government for Agriculture, Forest, Development and Panchayats.

In 1992, Singh broke away from the Akali Dal and formed a splinter party, Shiromani Akali Dal (Panthic). His party later merged with the Congress in 1998, after a crushing defeat in the Vidhan Sabha election in which Singh was defeated from his own constituency, getting only 856 votes, and after Sonia Gandhi took over the reins of the party. He was defeated by Prem Singh Chandumajra from the Patiala Constituency in 1998 by a margin of 33,251 votes.

Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee and state politics

Singh's served as the President of Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee (PPCC) on three occasions from 1999 to 2002, 2010 to 2013 and 2015 to 2017. Singh's second term as the PPCC president was also noted for the influence wielded by his first cousin, Arvind Khanna, the son of Singh's paternal aunt, Naginder Kumari Khanna. Khanna used his wealth to fund Singh's political activities and took control of his office and the PPCC's political strategy.

Singh has been a member of the Punjab Vidhan Sabha for five terms representing Patiala (Urban) thrice, Samana and Talwandi Sabo once each. In 2012, his brother Malvinder left the INC after being denied the candidature from Samana for the Punjab Assembly elections; however, he rejoined the party in 2014.

Chief Minister of Punjab, first term

He became Chief Minister of Punjab in 2002 and continued until 2007.

Punjab Opposition

In September 2008, a special committee of the Punjab Vidhan Sabha, during the tenure of a government led by the Akali Dal and Bharatiya Janata Party coalition, expelled him on the count of regularities in the transfer of land related to the Amritsar Improvement Trust. In 2010, the Supreme Court of India held his expulsion unconstitutional on the grounds that it was excessive and unconstitutional.

Member of Parliament

He defeated senior Bharatiya Janata Party leader Arun Jaitley by a margin of 102,770 votes in 2014 general elections from Amritsar seat. On 27 November 2015, Amarinder Singh was appointed President of Punjab Congress in the run up to Punjab elections slated for 2017.

Chief Minister of Punjab, second term

Main article: Second Amarinder Singh ministry

On 11 March 2017 Congress Party won the 2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election under his leadership. Amarinder Singh was sworn in as the 26th Chief Minister of Punjab on 16 March 2017 at Punjab Raj Bhavan, Chandigarh. The oath of office was administered by the Punjab governor, V.P. Singh Badnore. He was appointed president of the Jat Mahasabha in 2013.

During his tenure as chief minister, he came into conflict with a faction of the Congress headed by Navjot Singh Sidhu, and was criticised for being inaccessible to Congress MLAs, living in a farmhouse on the outskirts of Chandigarh instead of coming to the civil secretariat building. He also received criticism for not resolving the Bargari sacrilege case and for a perception that he had been insufficiently zealous in prosecuting previous CM Parkash Singh Badal for involvement in the case. In 2019, Singh was criticised for reportedly naming Maharaja Bhupinder Singh Sports and Science University after his grandfather; however, it was also reported that the university's name was decided by a majority of the Punjab government's cabinet ministers and that Singh himself had objected to naming it after Bhupinder Singh.

On 18 September 2021, he resigned as the Chief Minister of Punjab, as a consequence of conversations with the Congress' leadership that suggested the Punjab Congress MLAs were lacking confidence in his leadership. Singh publicly blamed Sidhu for the internal tension that led to the resignation, calling him "dangerous", "incompetent", and a "total disaster" and that he would fight any attempt to name Sidhu as the next Chief Minister of Punjab. Singh also stated that he was humiliated by the Congress' leadership on how they removed him from office. He was eventually succeeded by Charanjit Singh Channi as the new chief minister.

Singh left the Congress Party, and on 28 October 2021, announced that he would be forming a new party soon and that he would be allying with the Bharatiya Janata Party.

Punjab Lok Congress

Punjab Lok Congress (PLC; English: Punjab People's Congress) is an Indian regional political party, in Punjab founded by Singh on 2 November 2021 after he resigned as Chief Minister of Punjab and had quit the INC. The party was formed following a split in INC. Singh announced that his party will contest on all 117 seats in the 2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election. The party failed to win any seat in the elections.

2022 Punjab Assembly election

In 2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election, Singh lost from the Patiala Assembly constituency to Aam Aadmi Party's Ajit Pal Singh Kohli. Singh's party, PLC, lost election deposits in all but one of the 28 seats it had contested and garnered 0.54% of the total votes polled.

Bharatiya Janata Party

A few months after his election failure, Singh, along with his party merged, into the Bharatiya Janata Party on 19 September 2022 after meeting with Home Minister Amit Shah a few days before. During the 2024 Indian General Election, Singh was absent from the BJP's electoral campaigns in Punjab due to health related reasons. In October 2024, after a one and a half year absence from active politics, Singh made a public visit to the grain market in Khanna. In November 2024, Singh criticised Prime Minister of Canada Justin Trudeau, stating that his support for Khalistan movement separatists in Canada led to the deterioration in India-Canada relations.

Corruption charges

In 2025, the Enforcement Directorate (ED) initiated an investigation into Captain Amarinder Singh and his son, Raninder Singh, for alleged possession of undisclosed foreign assets, including a Swiss bank account. The probe is based on information shared by French authorities with India's Income Tax Department under the Indo-French Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA). The Punjab and Haryana High Court dismissed their petitions to prevent the ED from accessing related income tax documents, allowing the investigation to proceed. The court ruled that the ED, as a statutory authority under the Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA), is entitled to examine judicial records during its investigation, and that such access does not violate the DTAA.

Books

He has also written books on war and Sikh history which include A Ridge Too Far, Lest We Forget, The Last Sunset: Rise and Fall of Lahore Durbar and The Sikhs in Britain: 150 years of Photographs. Among his most recent works are Honour and Fidelity: India's Military Contribution to the Great War 1914 to 1918 released in Chandigarh on 6 December 2014, and The Monsoon War: Young Officers Reminisce – 1965 India-Pakistan War- which contains his memoirs of the 1965 Indo-Pakistani war.

Awards and recognition

The author Khushwant Singh released a biographic book titled, Captain Amarinder Singh: The People's Maharaja in 2017.

Personal life and family

Singh has one son, Raninder Singh, and one daughter, Jai Inder Kaur. Both his children are politicians. His wife, Preneet Kaur, served as a Member of Parliament and was Minister of State in the Ministry of External Affairs from 2009 to 2012. His son, Raninder, is married to Reshma Kaur, a businesswoman and the daughter of Kuldip Singh Dhingra, an owner of the paint company Berger Paints. Singh's grandson Angad, the son of his daughter Jai Inder, married Aparajita Kumari, the daughter of Virbhadra Singh, former Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh. His other grandson, Nirvan, the son of his daughter Jai Inder, married Mriganka Singh, the daughter of politician Vikramaditya Singh and the granddaughter of Karan Singh, a politician and former Governor of Jammu and Kashmir. Singh's granddaughter Seherinder Kaur, the daughter of his son Raninder Singh, married businessman Aditya Narang.

Singh's elder sister, Heminder Kaur, was married to former Minister of External Affairs, K. Natwar Singh. He is also related to Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar) leader and former Indian Police Service officer Simranjit Singh Mann. Mann's wife and Singh's wife, Preneet Kaur, are sisters.

References

References

1. (10 March 2017). "Punjab Live: Modi Congratulates Amarinder, Wishes Him Happy B'Day".
2. (16 March 2017). "Amarinder Singh sworn in as Punjab CM". The Hindu.
3. (16 March 2017). "Captain Amarinder back in charge in Punjab for second time". The New Indian Express.
4. (11 March 2017). "Punjab election results 2017: Full list of winners". Living Media India Limited.
5. "Congress in States – Punjab". All India Congress Committee..
6. (16 March 2017). "Who is Capt Amarinder Singh? Everything you need to know". The Indian Express.
7. "Punjab Urdu Academy".
8. Sanjeev Verma. (16 September 2022). "Former Punjab CM Captain Amarinder Singh to merge his PLC with BJP on September 19 {{!}} Chandigarh News - Times of India".
9. Singh, Khushwant. (15 February 2017). "Captain Amarinder Singh: The People's Maharaja: An Authorized Biography". Hay House, Inc.
10. Thind Joy, Jagmeeta. (7 June 2018). "When Amarinder Singh was 'Yuvi' and difficult to teach: New book on royal encounters".
11. (31 May 2009). "Seven Doscos in 15th Lok Sabha". [[The Indian Express]].
12. "Profile – Amarinder Singh".
13. (18 September 2015). "Army's account of 1965 war padded, says Capt's new book". Hindustan Times.
14. (30 August 2015). "But for Gen Harbakhsh, Punjab would've been lost in 1965 war: Capt".
15. "Amarinder Singh Welcomes Honour To Officer Who Tied Protester To Jeep".
16. Bajwa, Harpreet. (23 June 2019). "'Army will always be my first love': Nostalgia kicks in for Captain Amarinder Singh".
17. (26 October 2010). "Capt Amarinder Singh appointed Punjab Congress President".
18. Rana, Mahendra Singh. (2006). "India Votes: Lok Sabha & Vidhan Sabha Elections 2001-2005". Sarup & Sons.
19. Rambani, Vishal. (26 April 2014). "Capt Amarinder blue-eyed boy Arvind Khanna shuns Sonia's rally".
20. Khanna, Bharat. (2 December 2021). "Dance of democracy: Punjab ex-CM Captain Amarinder Singh vs Congress". The Times of India.
21. Shrama, Pawan. (7 March 2012). "End of the road for Captain Amarinder?".
22. Khanna, Ruchika M.. (14 March 2014). "Capt's brother to rejoin Cong".
23. Mishra, Anand. (2 October 2021). "Captain, Congress engage in war of words after former Punjab CM says he will quit party".
24. Dhananjay Mahapatra, Dhananjay. (27 April 2010). "'Amarinder's removal undemocratic'". [[The Times of India]].
25. "Election Commission of India, General Elections, 2014 (16th LOK SABHA ) 4 - LIST OF SUCCESSFUL CANDIDATES". [[Election Commission of India]].
26. (27 November 2015). "Amarinder appointed Captain of Punjab Congress". [[Daily Post India]].
27. Mallick, Abhilash. (17 March 2017). "Captain Amarinder Sworn in as Punjab CM, Nine Ministers Inducted". The Quint.
28. (13 May 2013). "Capt Amarinder Singh is Jat mahasabha chief". Hindustan Times.
29. (18 September 2021). "Explained: Five reasons why Captain Amarinder Singh had to step down as Punjab CM". The Indian Express.
30. (3 August 2019). "Move to name university after Amarinder Singh's grandfather triggers controversy". The Hindu.
31. (18 September 2021). "'I felt humiliated': Amarinder Singh resigns as Punjab chief minister".
32. (19 September 2021). "Navjot Singh Sidhu a total disaster, says Amarinder Singh after ouster". Hindustan Times.
33. Vasudeva, Vikas. (18 September 2021). "Amarinder Singh resigns as Punjab Chief Minister amid turmoil in Congress". The Hindu.
34. (19 September 2021). "Charanjit Singh Channi: Who is Charanjit Singh Channi, the new Punjab chief minister". The Times of India.
35. (28 October 2021). "Captain hints at seat-sharing pact with BJP, backs Centre on BSF order". The Indian Express.
36. (3 November 2021). "Amarinder Singh resigns from Congress; announces new party Punjab Lok Congress". [[The Hindu]].
37. ANI. (28 October 2021). "Amarinder announces his party will contest all 117 Punjab assembly seats". Business Standard India.
38. Vasudeva, Vikas. (16 September 2022). "Former Punjab CM Amarinder Singh to join BJP on September 19". The Hindu.
39. (10 March 2022). "Punjab election results 2022: Captain Amarinder Singh accepts defeat, congratulates AAP on victory". The Times of India.
40. "Election Commission of India, State Election,2022 to the legislative assembly of Punjab PERFORMANCE OF POLITICAL PARTIES". [[Election Commission of India]].
41. (26 May 2024). "Lok Sabha Elections: Ex-Punjab CM Amarinder Singh's absence from the campaign adds to BJP woes". The Hindu BusinessLine.
42. Vasdev, Kanchan. (25 October 2024). "After 1.5-year absence, Amarinder Singh returns to make farm outreach, may campaign for bypolls". The Indian Express.
43. Pandey, Neelam. (4 November 2024). "Amarinder hits out at Trudeau. 'One ambitious man shouldn't be able to rock stable friendship'". ThePrint.
44. (3 September 2025). "Captain Amarinder's 'secret' foreign asset files: High Court allows ED to access them". The Indian Express.
45. (4 September 2025). "High court allows ED to inspect Capt Amarinder Singh's I-T documents in foreign assets probe". The Times of India.
46. (4 September 2025). "Punjab: High court allows ED to inspect I-T dept docs against ex-CM Amarinder, son". Hindustan Times.
47. (24 October 2015). "Book Review: The Monsoon War: Young Officers Reminisce – 1965 India-Pakistan War".
48. PTI. (21 September 2015). "Amarinder Singh pens book on 1965 Indo-Pak war".
49. (22 May 2017). "People's Maharaja". The Pioneer.
50. (4 December 2022). "BJP revamps Punjab team, adjusts Congress's turncoats". The Times of India.
51. "Members : Lok Sabha".
52. Vasdev, Kanchan. (23 March 2016). "Firm linked to Captain Amarinder Singh son bought London house for £1.8m: Income Tax dept".
53. Deswal, Anjali Singh. (19 April 2009). "No plans to join active politics: Rishma".
54. (4 March 2015). "A royal Congress wedding: Virbhadra's daughter to marry Amarinder grandson on March 7".
55. Vasdev, Kanchan. (10 February 2017). "Punjab: Grandson's wedding, book release, poll results… Capt Amarinder Singh has an eventful month ahead".
56. (2 March 2021). "Punjab CM Amarinder Singh sings 'Suhag' at granddaughter's wedding ceremony".
57. (24 July 2017). "Obituary {{!}} A sister, a guardian, the royal mother: Rajmata of Patiala is no more". Hindustan Times.
58. (1 January 2017). "Pushed to the margins, Simranjit Mann carrying legacy of a lost cause". Hindustan Times.

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