AlphaServer
Series of server computers
title: "AlphaServer" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["dec-computers", "advanced-risc-computing", "computer-related-introductions-in-1994", "64-bit-computers", "compaq-alpha-based-computers", "server-hardware"] description: "Series of server computers" topic_path: "technology/computing" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaServer" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0
::summary Series of server computers ::
::data[format=table title="Infobox Computer"]
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| name | AlphaServer |
| developer | DEC (1994-1998)Compaq (1998-2002)HP (2002-2007) |
| type | Server |
| first_release_date | |
| discontinued | |
| photo | [[File:DEC AlphaServer 2000 - Red Hat Linux.jpeg |
| caption | AlphaServer 2000 running Red Hat Linux |
| processor | DEC Alpha |
| :: |
|name = AlphaServer |aka = |logo = |developer = DEC (1994-1998)Compaq (1998-2002)HP (2002-2007) |type = Server |first_release_date = |discontinued = |photo = [[File:DEC AlphaServer 2000 - Red Hat Linux.jpeg|270px]] |caption = AlphaServer 2000 running Red Hat Linux |predecessor = |successor = |processor = DEC Alpha |related =
::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/DEC_AlphaServer_1000A_5-400.jpg" caption="AlphaServer 1000A"] ::
::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Inside_a_DEC_AlphaServer_1000A_5-400.jpg" caption="Inside a DEC AlphaServer 1000A"] ::
::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/DEC_AlphaServer_1000A_5-400_CPU_Board.jpg" caption="Alphaserver 1000A CPU board"] ::
::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/DECAlphaServer2100APed.jpg" caption="AlphaServer 2100A"] ::
AlphaServer is a series of server computers, produced from 1994 onwards by Digital Equipment Corporation, and later by Compaq and HP. AlphaServers were based on the DEC Alpha 64-bit microprocessor. Supported operating systems for AlphaServers are Tru64 UNIX (formerly Digital UNIX), OpenVMS, MEDITECH MAGIC and Windows NT (on earlier systems, with AlphaBIOS ARC firmware), while enthusiasts have provided alternative operating systems such as Linux, NetBSD, OpenBSD and FreeBSD.
The Alpha processor was also used in a line of workstations, AlphaStation.
Some AlphaServer models were rebadged in white enclosures as Digital Servers for the Windows NT server market. These so-called "white box" models comprised the following:
- Digital Server 3300/3305: rebadged AlphaServer 800
- Digital Server 5300/5305: rebadged AlphaServer 1200
- Digital Server 7300/7305/7310: rebadged AlphaServer 4100
As part of the roadmap to phase out Alpha-, MIPS- and PA-RISC-based systems in favor of Itanium-based systems at HP, the most recent AlphaServer systems reached their end of general availability on 27 April 2007. The availability of upgrades and options was discontinued on 25 April 2008, approximately one year after the systems were discontinued. Support for the most recent AlphaServer systems, the DS15A, DS25, ES45, ES47, ES80 and GS1280 is being provided by HP Services as of 2008. These systems are no longer supported by HP.
Models
In approximate chronological order, the following AlphaServer models were produced:
Avanti Family
::data[format=table] | Model | Code name | # of CPUs | CPU | CPU MHz | B-cache | Chipset | Max. Memory | Expansion | Enclosure | Introduced | Discontinued | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | 200 | 4/100 | Mustang | 1 | 21064 (EV4) | 100 | 512 KB | 21071 | 8 to 384 MB | 1 PCI 1 or 2 PCI/ISA 1 ISA | Desktop | ? | | 4/166 | 166 | ? | ? | | | | | | | | | | 4/233 | 21064A (EV45) | 233 | ? | ? | | | | | | | | | 400 | 4/166 | Mustang S | 1 | 21064 (EV4) | 166 | 512 KB | 21071 | 8 to 384 MB (6x 72-pin SIMMs, 3 banks) | 2 PCI 1 PCI/ISA 3 ISA | Mini-tower | ? | | 4/233 | 21064A (EV45) | 233 | ? | ? | | | | | | | | | 300 | 4/266 | Melmac | 1 | 21064A (EV45) | 266 | 2 MB | 21072 | 512 MB (8x 72-pin SIMMs, 2 banks) | 1 PCI 1 PCI/ISA 1 ISA | Desktop or Rack | ? | ::
Sable Family
::data[format=table] | Model | Code name | # of CPUs | CPU | CPU MHz | B-cache | Chipset | Memory | Expansion | Enclosure | Introduced | Discontinued | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | 2100 | 4/200 | Sable | 1, 2, 3 or 4 | 21064 (EV4) | 200 | 1 MB / CPU | ? | 2 GB (1 GB if 4 CPU) | 3 PCI, 8 EISA | Pedestal or rack | ? | | 4/233 | Sable45 | 21064A (EV45) | 233 | 1 MB / CPU | ? | ? | ? | | | | | | 4/275 | 275 | 4 MB / CPU | ? | ? | ? | | | | | | | | 5/250 | Gamma-Sable | 21164 (EV5) | 250 | 4 MB / CPU | ? | ? | ? | | | | | | 5/300 | 291 | ? | ? | ? | | | | | | | | | 5/375 | 21164A (EV56) | 375 | ? | ? | ? | | | | | | | | 2000 | 4/200 | Demi-Sable | 1 or 2 | 21064 EV4 | 190 | 1 MB / CPU | ? | 640 MB | 3 PCI, 7 EISA, 1 PCI/EISA | Pedestal | ? | | 4/233 | Demi-Sable45 | 21064A (EV45) | 233 | 1 MB / CPU | ? | 1 GB | 3 PCI, 7 EISA | ? | ? | | | | 4/275 | 275 | 4 MB / CPU | ? | ? | ? | | | | | | | | 5/250 | Demi-Gamma | 21164 (EV5) | 250 | 4 MB / CPU | ? | ? | ? | | | | | | 5/300 | 291 | ? | ? | ? | | | | | | | | | 5/375 | 21164A (EV56) | 375 | 4 or 8 MB / CPU | ? | ? | ? | | | | | | ::
The AlphaServer 2100 was briefly sold as the Digital 2100 before the AlphaServer brand was introduced.
Mikasa Family
::data[format=table] | Model | Code name | # of CPUs | CPU | CPU MHz | B-cache | Chipset | Memory | Expansion | Enclosure | Introduced | Discontinued | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | 1000 | 4/200 | Mikasa | 1 | 21064 (EV4) | 200 | 2 MB | 21071 | 512 MB | 2 PCI, 1 PCI/EISA, 7 EISA | Pedestal or Rack | ? | | 4/233 | Mikasa+ | 21064A (EV45) | 233 | 21071 | ? | 1995 | ? | | | | | | 4/266 | 266 | 21071 | 1 GB (20× 72-pin SIMMs, 4 banks) | ? | ? | | | | | | | | 5/300 | Mikasa-Pinnacle | 21164 (EV5) | 300 | ? | ? | ? | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ::
Noritake Family
::data[format=table] | Model | Code name | # of CPUs | CPU | CPU MHz | B-cache | Chipset | Memory | Expansion | Enclosure | Introduced | Discontinued | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | 1000A | 4/233 | Noritake | 1 | 21064A (EV45) | 233 | 2 MB | 21071 | 1 GB (20x 72-pin SIMMs, 4 banks) | 7 PCI 2 ISA | Pedestal or Rack | ? | | 4/266 | 266 | 21071 | ? | ? | | | | | | | | | 5/300 | Noritake-Pinnacle | 21164 (EV5) | 300 | ? | ? | ? | | | | | | | 5/333 | 333 | 21171 | ? | ? | | | | | | | | | 5/400 | Noritake-Primo | 21164A (EV56) | 400 | 21171 | ? | ? | | | | | | | 5/500 | 500 | 8 MB | ? | 1997-04-14 | ? | | | | | | | | 800 | 5/333 | Corelle | 1 | 21164A (EV56) | 333 | 2 MB | 21171 | 2 GB (8x ECC EDO DIMMs, 2 banks) | 3 PCI 2 EISA 1 PCI-X/EISA | Mini-tower (can be converted to Rack) | 1997-04-14 | | 5/400 | 400 | 21171 | ? | | | | | | | | | | 5/500 | 500 | 21171 | 1997-10-27 | ? | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ::
Rawhide Family
::data[format=table] | Model | Code name | # of CPUs | CPU | CPU MHz | B-cache / CPU | Chipset | Memory | Expansion | Enclosure | Introduced | Discontinued | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | 4000 | 5/300 | Wrangler/Durango | Up to two | 21164 (EV5) | 300 | 2 MB | ? | 4 GB | 8-16 PCI (including 3 shared PCI/EISA) | Pedestal/Rack | 1996-09-04 | | 5/400 | 21164A (EV56) | 400 | 4 MB | ? | ? | | | | | | | | 5/466 | 466 | 4 MB | ? | ? | ? | | | | | | | | 5/533 | 533 | 4 MB | ? | 1997-10-27 | ? | | | | | | | | 5/600 | 600 | 8 MB | ? | ? | ? | | | | | | | | 4100 | 5/300E | Dodge | Up to four | 21164 (EV5) | 300 | None | Custom | 32 MB to 8 GB | 5 PCI, 3 PCI/EISA | Pedestal/Rack | ? | | 5/300 | 300 | 2 MB | ? | ? | | | | | | | | | 5/400 | 21164A (EV56) | 400 | 4 MB | ? | ? | | | | | | | | 5/466 | 466 | ? | ? | | | | | | | | | | 5/533 | 533 | ? | ? | | | | | | | | | | 5/600 | 600 | 8 MB | ? | ? | | | | | | | | | 1200 | 5/400 | Tincup | Up to two | 21164A (EV56) | 400 | 4 MB / proc. | ? | 4 GB | 4 PCI-X, 1 PCI, 1PCI-X/EISA | Pedestal | 1997-10-27 | | 5/533 | 533 | ? | ? | | | | | | | | | ::
Turbolaser Family
::data[format=table] | Model | Code name | # of CPUs | CPU | CPU MHz | B-cache / CPU | Chipset | Memory | Expansion | Enclosure | Introduced | Discontinued | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | 8200 | 5/300 | TurboLaser | 2 to 6 | EV5 | 300 | 4 MB | Custom ASICs | 12 GB | 132 PCI slots, 8 EISA slots | Rack | 1995-04-11 | | 5/350 | 350 | ? | ? | | | | | | | | | | 5/440 | EV56 | 437 | 4 MB | ? | ? | | | | | | | | 5/625 | 612 | ? | ? | | | | | | | | | | 8400 | 5/300 | TurboLaser | Up to 12 (later 14) | EV5 | 300 | 4 MB | Custom ASICs | 28 GB | 144 PCI, 8 EISA, XMI | Cabinet | 1995-04-11 | | 5/350 | 350 | ? | ? | | | | | | | | | | 5/440 | EV56 | 437 | 4 MB | ? | ? | | | | | | | | 5/625 | 612 | ? | ? | | | | | | | | | | GS60 | 6/525 | TL6 | 2 to 6 | EV6 | 525 | 4 MB | ? | 12 GB | 132 PCI, 8 EISA | Rack | 1998-10-19 | | 6/700 | EV67 | 700 | 8 MB | ? | 1999-11-11 | ? | | | | | | | GS60E | 6/525 | TL6 | 2 to 6 (later 8) | EV6 | 525 | 4 MB | ? | 12 GB | 132 PCI, 8 EISA | Rack | 1999-07-19 | | 6/700 | EV67 | 700 | 8 MB | ? | 1999-11-11 | ? | | | | | | | GS140 | 6/525 | TL6 | 2 to 14 | EV6 | 525 | 4 MB | ? | 28 GB | 144 PCI, 8 EISA, 24 XMI | Cabinet | 1998-10-19 | | 6/700 | EV67 | 700 | 8 MB | ? | 1999-11-11 | ? | | | | | | ::
Lynx Family
::data[format=table] | Model | Code name | # of CPUs | CPU | CPU MHz | B-cache | Chipset | Memory | Expansion | Enclosure | Introduced | Discontinued | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | 2000A | Demi-Lynx (EV45), Demi-Gamma-Lynx (EV5) | Up to two | EV45, EV5 or EV56 | 233, 250, 275, 300, 375, 400 | ? | ? | ? | ? | Pedestal | ? | ? | | 2100A | 4/275 | Lynx | Up to 4 | 21064A (EV45) | 275 | 4 MB | ? | 2 GB, 1 GB for 4 CPU | 8 PCI, 3 EISA | Pedestal | ? | | 5/250 | Gamma-Lynx | 21164 (EV5) | 250 | 4 MB | ? | ? | ? | | | | | | 5/300 | 300 | ? | ? | ? | | | | | | | | | 5/375 | 375 | 8 MB | ? | ? | ? | | | | | | | ::
Tsunami Family
::data[format=table] | Model | Code name | # of CPUs | CPU | CPU MHz | B-cache | Chipset | Memory | Expansion | Enclosure | Introduced | Discontinued | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | DS10 | 6/466 | WebBrick | 1 | EV6 | 466 | 2 MB | 21272 (Tsunami) | 2 GB | 3 PCI-X, 1 PCI | desktop | 1999-05-10 | | 67/600 | EV67 | 600 | 2 MB | 21272 (Tsunami) | ? | ? | | | | | | | DS10L | 6/466 | Slate | 1 | EV6 | 466 | 2 MB | 21272 (Tsunami) | 1 GB | 1 PCI-X | Rack (1U) | ? | | 6/600 | EV67 | 600 | 2 MB | 21272 (Tsunami) | 2000-04-10 | ? | | | | | | | DS20 | 6/500 | Goldrush | Up to 2 | 21264 (EV6) | 500 | 4 MB | ? | 4 GB | 5PCI-X, 1 PCI-X/ISA | pedestal/Rack | url=http://www.digital.com/alphaserver/newstuff.html |title=Compaq News (Apr 1999) |access-date=2021-04-23 |archive-date=1999-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990422222816/http://www.digital.com/alphaserver/newstuff.html |url-status=live }} | | DS20E | 6/500 | Goldrack | Up to 2 | EV6 | 500 | 4 MB | 21272 (Tsunami) | 4 GB | 5PCI-X, 1 PCI-X/ISA | pedestal/Rack | ? | | 6/667 | EV67 | 667 | 8 MB | 21272 (Tsunami) | 2000-04-10 | ? | | | | | | | 68/833 | EV68AL | 833 | 8 MB | ? | 2001-07-16 | ? | | | | | | | DS20L | 68/833 | Shark | 2 | EV68AL | 833 | 4 MB | 21271(Tsunami) | 2 GB | 2 PCI-X | Rack (1U) | 2001-07-16 | | ES40 | 6/500 | Clipper | Up to 4 | EV6 | 500 | 4 MB | 21272(Tsunami/Typhoon) | Model 1: 16 GB Model 2: 32 GB | Model 1: 6 PCI-X Model 2: 10 PCI-X | pedestal/Rack | 1999-04-22 | | 6/667 | EV67 | 667 | 8 MB | 21272(Tsunami/Typhoon) | 2000-04-10 | ? | | | | | | | 68/833 | EV68AL | 833 | 8 MB | ? | 2001-02-12 | ? | | | | | | ::
Titan Family
::data[format=table] | Model | Code name | # of CPUs | CPU | CPU MHz | B-cache | Chipset | Memory | Expansion | Enclosure | Introduced | Discontinued | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | DS15 | 68/1000 | HyperBrick | 1 | EV68CB | 1000 | 2 MB | ? | 4 GB | 4 PCI-X 33 MHz or 2 PCI-X 66 MHz | Tower | 2003-10-20 | | DS25 | 68/1000 | Granite | Up to 2 | EV68CB | 1000 | 8 MB | ? | 16 GB | 6 PCI-X | Tower/5U Rack | 2002-08-04 | | ES45 | 68/1000 | Privateer | Up to 4 | EV68CB | 1000 | 8 MB | ? | 1: Up to 16 GB 2: Up to 32 GB | 1: AGP 4x, 6 PCI-X 2: 10 PCI-X | Pedestal/8U Rack, tower | ? | | 68/1250 | 1250 | 16 MB | ? | 2002-08-04 | ? | | | | | | | ::
Wildfire Family
::data[format=table]
| Model | Code name | # of CPUs | CPU | CPU MHz | B-cache | Chipset | Memory | Expansion | Enclosure | Introduced | Discontinued |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GS80 | Wildfire | Model 4: | |||||||||
| 2 to 4 | |||||||||||
| Model 8: | |||||||||||
| 2 to 8 | 21264A (EV67) | 731 | 4 MB | Custom | Up to 64 GB | 33 MHz PCI-X: | |||||
| Up to 16 buses, | |||||||||||
| 56 slots | Rack | 2000-05-16 | ? | ||||||||
| 21264C | |||||||||||
| (EV68CB) | 1001 | 4, 8 MB | ? | ? | |||||||
| 1224 | 4, 8, 16 MB | 2002-08-04 | ? | ||||||||
| GS160 | Wildfire | Model 8: | |||||||||
| 2 to 8 | |||||||||||
| Model 16: | |||||||||||
| 2 to 16 | 21264A | ||||||||||
| (EV67) | 731 | 4 MB | Custom | Up to 128 GB | 33 MHz PCI-X: | ||||||
| Up to 32 buses, | |||||||||||
| 112 slots | Rack(s) | 2000-05-16 | ? | ||||||||
| 21264C | |||||||||||
| (EV68CB) | 1001 | 4, 8 MB | ? | ? | |||||||
| 1224 | 4, 8, 16 MB | 2002-08-04 | ? | ||||||||
| GS320 | Wildfire | Model 24: | |||||||||
| 2 to 24 | |||||||||||
| Model 32: | |||||||||||
| 2 to 32 | 21264A | ||||||||||
| (EV67) | 731 | 4 MB | Custom | Up to 256 GB | 33 MHz PCI-X: | ||||||
| Up to 64 buses, | |||||||||||
| 224 slots | Rack(s) | 2000-05-16 | ? | ||||||||
| 21264C | |||||||||||
| (EV68CB) | 1001 | 4, 8 MB | ? | ? | |||||||
| 1224 | 4, 8, 16 MB | 2002-08-04 | ? | ||||||||
| :: |
AlphaServer SC
::data[format=table] | Model | Code name | # of CPUs | CPU | CPU MHz | B-cache | Chipset | Max. Memory | Expansion | Enclosure | Introduced | Discontinued | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | SC20 68/833 | ? | 8 to 256 | 21264B EV68AL | 833 | 2 MB | ? | 2 GB/node | 2 PCI-X | Rack(s) | 2002-05-02 | ? | | SC40 67/667 | Sierra | 64 to 512 | 21264A EV67 | 667 | 8 MB | ? | 24 GB/node | 10 PCI-X | Rack(s) | 1999-11-17 | ? | | SC40 68/833 | 21264B EV68AL | 833 | ? | ? | ? | | | | | | | | SC45 68/1250 | Sierra | 16 to 4096 | 21264C EV68CB | 1250 | 16 MB | ? | 32 GB/node | 10 PCI-X | Rack(s) | ? | ? | ::
The AlphaServer SC was a supercomputer constructed from a set of individual DS20L, ES40 or ES45 servers (called "nodes") mounted in racks. Every node was connected to every other node using a Quadrics elan3 interconnect and the systems were designed and used primarily for high-performance technical computing. An AlphaServer SC45 supercomputer was still ranked #6 in the world as late as November 2004.
Marvel Family
::data[format=table] | Model | Code name | # of CPUs | CPU | CPU MHz | Scache | Chipset | Memory | Expansion | Enclosure | CPU Drawers | Introduced | Discontinued | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | ES47 | ? | 1 to 2 | 21364 (EV7) | 1000 1150 | 1.75 MB | ? | Up to 16 GB | 1 AGP 5 PCI/PCI-X slots | Tower | n/a | 2003-01-20 | 2007-04-27 | | 1 to 4 | Up to 32 GB | Up to 4 AGP Up to 32 PCI/PCI-X slots | Rack | 1 to 2 2-CPU drawers | | | | | | | | | | ES80 | ? | 4 to 8 | 21364 (EV7) | 1000 1150 | 1.75 MB | ? | Up to 64 GB | Up to 8 AGP Up to 64 PCI/PCI-X slots | Rack | 1 to 4 2-CPU drawers | 2003-01-20 | 2007-04-27 | | GS1280 | ? | 8 to 64 | 21364 (EV7) | 1150 | 1.75 MB | ? | Up to 512 GB | Up to 64 AGP Up to 704 PCI/PCI-X slots | Rack(s) | 1 to 8 8-CPU drawers | 2003-01-20 | 2007-04-27 | | 21364 EV7z | 1300 | ? | 2004-08-16 | 2007-04-27 | | | | | | | | | ::
The AlphaServer GS1280 originally supported a maximum of 16 microprocessors. In October 2003, the number of microprocessors supported was increased to 64 and the supported memory capacity was doubled to 8 GB per microprocessor.
References
References
- [https://ftp.zx.net.nz/pub/archive/ftp.hp.com/pub/alphaserver/archive/DECinfo/info_3/infosheet/MEDITECH_MAGIC_on_the_Compaq_06may1999LIW0LIPF.pdf MEDITECH MAGIC on the Compaq Alpha platform]
- Davis, Jim (1997-04-14). [http://news.cnet.com/Digital-makes-servers-available/2100-1001_3-278836.html "Digital makes servers available"]. ''CNET News''.
- Davis, Jim (1996-09-04). [http://news.cnet.com/DEC--more-power%2C-less-money/2100-1001_3-224714.html "DEC: more power, less money"]. ''CNET News''.
- Davis, Jim (1997-10-27). [http://news.cnet.com/Digital-has-new-Alpha%2C-Intel-servers/2100-1001_3-204660.html "Digital has new Alpha, Intel servers"]. ''CNET News''.
- Shankland, Stephen (1998-10-19). [http://news.cnet.com/2100-1001_3-216826.html "Compaq rolls out Alpha server"]. ''CNET News''.
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20000815230552/http://www.compaq.com/alphaserver/download/wp_alpha_tech_apr00.pdf Exploring Alpha Power for Technical Computing] ''Compaq Technology Brief''
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20000815233908/http://www.compaq.com/alphaserver/announce/apr00.html Announcing enhanced high availability AlphaServer systems and new NonStop™ eBusiness solutions]
- "Compaq News (Apr 1999)".
- [https://web.archive.org/web/19990427225031/http://www.digital.com/alphaserver/announce/ds20.html New Compaq AlphaServer DS20 Boasts 64-Bit Alpha Power, Entry-Level Price]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/19990428030443/http://www.digital.com/alphaserver/ds20/ds20.html Compaq AlphaServer DS20 System]
- AlphaServer ES40Service Guide (Order Number:EK–ES240–SV. A01), Appendix D - 21264 (EV6) internal processor registers, 21272 (Tsunami/Typhoon) system support chipset registers, dual-port RAM registers
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20030427062254/http://h18002.www1.hp.com/alphaserver/download/es40_techsummary.pdf AlphaServer ES40 Technical Summary]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/19990508201327/http://www.digital.com/alphaserver/announce/apr99.html Announcing the Compaq AlphaServer ES40 system]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/19990508005031/http://www.digital.com/alphaserver/es40/es40.html Compaq AlphaServer ES40 product information]
- AlphaServer ES40 Service Guide (Order Number:EK–ES240–SV. B01), Appendix D - 21264 (EV6/EV67) internal processor registers, 21272 (Tsunami/Typhoon) system support chipset registers, dual-port RAM registers
- ComputerWire (2002-08-04). [https://www.theregister.co.uk/2002/08/06/hp_refreshes_midrange_pa_alpha/ "HP refreshes midrange PA, Alpha servers"]. ''[[The Register]]''.
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20000815090138/http://www1.compaq.com/pressrelease/0,1494,wp~14583_2!ob~30094_1_1,00.html New AlphaServer GS Systems Set Standard for RISC Servers] ''Press Release''
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20030717111006/http://h18002.www1.hp.com/alphaserver/announce/may_02.html Announcing the HP AlphaServer DS20L compute engine and the HP AlphaServer SC20 supercomputer]
- Compaq (1999-11-17). [https://web.archive.org/web/20000129004148/http://www1.compaq.com/pressrelease/0,1494,wp~85_2!ob~19510_1_1,00.html Compaq Flexes Alpha Muscle with Launch of New "Supercomputer" – the AlphaServer SC Series]. ''Press Release''
- "November 2004 | TOP500 Supercomputer Sites". Top500.org.
- Hewlett-Packard (2004-06-01). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200304110447/https://www.istoragenetworks.com/servermanuals/es47_es80_gs1280_userguide.pdf HP AlphaServer ES47/ES80/GS1280 User Information Version 3.0]. ''HP AlphaServer ES47/ES80/GS1280 User Information Version 3.0''
- HP Press Release (2003-01-20). [https://www8.hp.com/us/en/hp-news/press-release.html?id=172340 "HP Introduces Most Powerful Generation of AlphaServer Systems"]. ''HP Press Release''.
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