Agathis
Genus of conifers in the kauri family Araucariaceae
title: "Agathis" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["agathis", "conifer-genera"] description: "Genus of conifers in the kauri family Araucariaceae" topic_path: "general/agathis" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agathis" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0
::summary Genus of conifers in the kauri family Araucariaceae ::
| fossil_range = Paleocene to recent Possible Cenomanian record | image = Agathis robusta2.JPG | image_caption = Agathis robusta Eastern Australia | taxon = Agathis | authority = Salisb. | type_species = Agathis loranthifolia | type_species_authority = Salisb. | subdivision_ranks = Species | range_map = Agathis Species Density.svg | range_map_caption = Distribution of Agathis species | synonyms_ref = | synonyms =
Agathis, commonly known as kauri or dammara, is a genus of evergreen coniferous trees, native to Australasia and Southeast Asia. It is one of three extant genera in the family Araucariaceae, alongside Wollemia and Araucaria (being more closely related to the former). Its leaves are much broader than most conifers. Kauri gum was historically commercially harvested from living New Zealand kauri and from swamp ground.
Description
::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Agathis-robusta-SF23020-01.jpg" caption="Trunk of ''Agathis robusta'' at [[Cairns Botanic Gardens"] ::
Mature kauri trees have characteristically large trunks, with little or no branching below the crown. In contrast, young trees are normally conical in shape, forming a more rounded or irregularly shaped crown as they achieve maturity.
The bark is smooth and light grey to grey-brown, usually peeling into irregular flakes that become thicker on more mature trees. The branch structure is often horizontal or, when larger, ascending. The lowest branches often leave annular branch scars when they detach from the lower trunk.
The juvenile leaves in all species are larger than the adult, more or less acute, varying among the species from ovate to lanceolate. Adult leaves are opposite, elliptical to linear, very leathery and quite thick. Young leaves are often a coppery-red, contrasting markedly with the usually green or glaucous-green foliage of the previous season.
The male pollen cones appear usually only on larger trees after seed cones have appeared. The female seed cones usually develop on short lateral branchlets, maturing after two years. They are normally oval or globe shaped.
Seeds of some species are attacked by the caterpillars of Agathiphaga, some of the most primitive of all living moths.
Uses
::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Kauri_logs,_near_Piha._ATLIB_135986.png" caption="''Agathis australis'' logs and loggers near [[Piha"] ::
Various species of kauri give diverse resins such as kauri gum. The timber is generally straight-grained and of fine quality with an exceptional strength-to-weight ratio and rot resistance, making it ideal for yacht hull construction. The wood is commonly used in the manufacture of guitars and ukuleles due to its low density and relatively low price of production. It is also used for some Go boards (goban). The uses of the New Zealand species (A. australis) included shipbuilding, house construction, wood panelling, furniture making, mine braces, and railway sleepers. Due to the hard resin of the wood, it was the traditionally preferred material used by Māori for wooden weapons, patu aruhe (fernroot beaters) and barkcloth beaters.
Evolutionary history
Within Araucariaceae, it is thought that Agathis and Wollemia share a common ancestor which lived between 90 and 55 million years ago, and the two genera form a sister clade to the older Araucaria. The oldest fossils currently confidently assignable to Agathis are those of Agathis immortalis from the Salamanca Formation of Patagonia, which dates to the Paleocene, approximately 64.67–63.49 million years ago. Agathis-like leaves are also known from the slightly older Lefipán Formation of the same region, which date to the very end of the Cretaceous. Some authors have suggested that Agathis is known from earlier in the Cretaceous (Aptian to Cenomanian in North Africa. Other fossils of the genus are known from the Eocene of Patagonia, the Late Paleocene-Miocene of southern Australia, and the Oligocene-Miocene of New Zealand.
Species list
|first1 =Gregory W. |last1 =Stull |first2 =Xiao-Jian |last2 =Qu |first3 =Caroline |last3 =Parins-Fukuchi |first4 =Ying-Ying |last4 =Yang |first5 =Jun-Bo |last5 =Yang |first6 =Zhi-Yun |last6 =Yang |first7 =Yi |last7 =Hu |first8 =Hong |last8 =Ma |first9 =Pamela S. |last9 =Soltis |first10=Douglas E. |last10=Soltis |first11=De-Zhu |last11=Li |first12=Stephen A. |last12=Smith |first13=Ting-Shuang |last13=Yi |date=19 July 2021 |title=Gene duplications and genomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms |journal=Nature Plants |volume=7 |issue= 8 |pages=1015–1025 |pmid= 34282286 |s2cid=232282918 |doi=10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4 |doi-access= |biorxiv=10.1101/2021.03.13.435279 |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.13.435279v2.full.pdf |via=bioarchiv.org :supplementary data: |last=Stull |first=Gregory W. |date=29 June 2021 |title=Gene duplications and genomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms |publisher=Figshare |type=supplementary data |doi=10.6084/m9.figshare.14547354.v1 |doi-access= |url=https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Gene_duplications_and_genomic_conflict_underlie_major_pulses_of_phenotypic_evolution_in_gymnosperms/14547354 |via=Figshare.com | |style=font-size:90%;line-height:100%;width:400px |label1=Araucariaceae |1={{clade |label1=Rostrata |1=A. australis (Don) Lindley |label2=Agathis |2={{clade |label1= |1={{clade |label1= |1={{clade |label1= |1=A. atropurpurea Hyland |2=A. microstachya Bailey & White |2={{clade |label1= |1=A. dammara (Lamb.) Richard & Richard |2=A. robusta (Moore ex von Mueller) Bailey |2={{clade |label1= |1={{clade |label1= |1=A. labillardierei Warburg |2={{clade |label1= |1=A. borneensis Warburg |2=A. philippinensis Warburg |2={{clade |label1= |1={{clade |label1= |1=A. vitiensis (Seemann) Bentham & Hooker ex Drake |2={{clade |label1= |1=A. macrophylla (Lindley 1851) Masters |2=A. silbae de Laubenfels |2={{clade |label1= |1={{clade |label1= |1=A. corbassonii de Laubenfels |2=A. lanceolata Lindl. ex Warburg |2={{clade |label1= |1=A. ovata (Moore ex Vieillard) Warburg |2={{clade |label1= |1=A. moorei (Lindley) Masters |2=A. montana de Laubenfels
;Accepted species ::data[format=table]
| Image | Scientific name | Common name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
| [[File:Conifer - The black kauri or blue kauri, - Agathis atropurpurea (16082593546).jpg | 120px]] | Agathis atropurpurea | black kauri, blue kauri |
| [[File:Agathis australis, Matakohe, New Zealand.jpg | 120px]] | Agathis australis | New Zealand kauri |
| [[File:Agathis borneensis - feuilles.JPG | 120px]] | Agathis borneensis | Borneo kauri |
| [[File:Agat dammara Pj 192625.JPG | 120px]] | Agathis dammara | Sulawesi kauri |
| Agathis flavescens | Tahan Agathis | Peninsular Malaysia | |
| [[File:Agathis . kinabaluensis de Laub. (AM AK360201-4).jpg | 120px]] | Agathis kinabaluensis | Kinabalu kauri |
| Agathis labillardierei | New Guinea kauri | New Guinea | |
| [[File:Agathis lanceolata.jpg | 120px]] | Agathis lanceolata | Koghi kauri |
| Agathis lenticula | Sabah kauri | Borneo | |
| [[File:AgathisMacroCones.jpg | 120px]] | Agathis macrophylla (syn. A. vitiensis) | Pacific kauri, dakua |
| [[File:Agathis microstachya Bull Kauri.jpg | 120px]] | Agathis microstachya | bull kauri |
| Agathis montana | New Caledonia | ||
| [[File:Agathis moorei Kauri Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney.jpg | 120px]] | Agathis moorei | white kauri |
| Agathis orbicula | Sarawak kauri | Borneo | |
| [[File:Agathis ovata - Atlanta Botanical Garden.JPG | 120px]] | Agathis ovata | Scrub kauri |
| [[File:Agathisrobusta03.jpg | 120px]] | Agathis robusta | Queensland kauri |
| Agathis robusta subsp. robusta | Queensland and Papua New Guinea | ||
| Agathis robusta subsp. nesophila | New Guinea kauri | Papua New Guinea | |
| Agathis silbae | Vanuatu | ||
| Agathis zamunerae | Patagonia, South America Argentina | ||
| :: |
;Formerly included Moved to Nageia
- Agathis motleyi - Nageia motleyi
- Agathis veitchii - Nageia nagi The placement of the fossil species "Agathis" jurassica from the Late Jurassic of Australia in this genus is doubtful.
Gallery
File:'Lord of the Forest' Tane Mahuta.jpg|Tāne Mahuta, an Agathis australis in Waipoua Forest, the largest tree in New Zealand by volume File:Te Matua Ngahere.jpg|Te Matua Ngahere, an A. australis in Waipoua Forest, the oldest (and 2nd largest) tree in New Zealand File:Yakas kauri tree trunk 2.jpg|Trunk of the Yakas kauri (7th largest) File:Agathis lanceolata.jpg|Agathis lanceolata File:Agathis ovata 2.jpg|Agathis ovata File:AgathisMacroCones.jpg|Agathis macrophylla File:Agathisrobusta.JPG|Agathis robusta File:Agathis borneensis - feuilles.JPG|Agathis borneensis File:KauriFruchtstand.jpg|Agathis australis male pollen cone File:KauriSamen.jpg|Scale from Agathis australis female cone File:Kauricone01.jpg|Agathis australis cone File:Agathis australis foliage and cones.jpg|Agathis australis leaves and cones
References
References
- (2025). "''Agathis'' Salisb.". Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- de Laubenfels, David J. 1988. Coniferales. P. 337–453 in Flora Malesiana, Series I, Volume 10. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.
- Whitmore, T.C. 1977. ''A first look at Agathis''. Tropical Forestry Papers No. 11. [[University of Oxford]] [[Commonwealth Forestry Institute]].
- {{Cite Q. Q58677501
- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4464890/ Complete Chloroplast Genome of the Wollemi Pine (Wollemia nobilis): Structure and Evolution]
- (August 2018). "Agathis trees of Patagonia's Cretaceous-Paleogene death landscapes and their evolutionary significance". American Journal of Botany.
- Ijouiher, Jamale. (2022). "The desert bones: the paleontology and paleoecology of Mid-Cretaceous North Africa". Indiana University Press.
- (January 2014). "First South American Agathis (Araucariaceae), Eocene of Patagonia". American Journal of Botany.
- (1999). "Southern conifers in time and space". Australian Forest History Society.
::callout[type=info title="Wikipedia Source"] This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page. ::