2018 in spaceflight

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title: "2018 in spaceflight" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["2018-in-spaceflight", "spaceflight-by-year", "2018-related-lists", "transport-timelines-by-year"] description: "none" topic_path: "sports" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_in_spaceflight" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary none ::

::data[format=table title="Infobox Year in spaceflight"]

Field	Value
year	2018
image	{{Photomontage
photo1a	Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster (40143096241).jpgA mannequin (Starman) in a spacesuit drives a car with the Earth in the background
photo2a	PIA22575 IDC Camera First Image.jpgImage of the science deck of the InSight lander, with the Martian landscape in the background
photo2b	Asteroid-Bennu-OSIRIS-RExArrival-GifAnimation-20181203.gifAnimation of the rotating asteroid Bennu
photo3a	ISS-57 EVA (b) Oleg Kononenko.jpgA cosmonaut inspecting the exterior of a spacecraft during a spacewalk; Earth appears in the background
size	250
spacing	3
color	transparent
color_border	transparent
caption	Highlights from spaceflight in 2018
first	8 January
last	29 December
total	114
success	111
failed	2
partial	1
catalogued	112
firstlaunch
maidens	{{plainlist
retired	{{plainlist
orbital	3 (+1 failed)
suborbital	1 (private)
totalcrew	11 (+2 failed)
EVAs	8
firstsublaunch
::

| year = 2018 | image = {{Photomontage| | photo1a = Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster (40143096241).jpgA mannequin (Starman) in a spacesuit drives a car with the Earth in the background | photo2a = PIA22575 IDC Camera First Image.jpgImage of the science deck of the InSight lander, with the Martian landscape in the background | photo2b = Asteroid-Bennu-OSIRIS-RExArrival-GifAnimation-20181203.gifAnimation of the rotating asteroid Bennu | photo3a = ISS-57 EVA (b) Oleg Kononenko.jpgA cosmonaut inspecting the exterior of a spacecraft during a spacewalk; Earth appears in the background | size = 250 | spacing = 3 | color = transparent | color_border = transparent | caption = Highlights from spaceflight in 2018 | first = 8 January | last = 29 December | total = 114 | success = 111 | failed = 2 | partial = 1 | catalogued = 112 | firstflight = | firstsat =

|firstlaunch= | firsttrav = | maidens = {{plainlist|

Falcon Heavy
Falcon 9 Block 5
Zhuque-1 | retired = {{plainlist|
Delta IV M+(5,2)
SS-520
Falcon 9 Full Thrust
Falcon 9 Block 4
Ariane 5 ES
Delta II
Zhuque-1
Long March 3A | orbital = 3 (+1 failed) | suborbital =1 (private) | totalcrew = 11 (+2 failed) | EVAs = 8 |firstsublaunch=}} | programme = Timeline of spaceflight | previous_mission = 2017 | next_mission = 2019

This article documents notable spaceflight events during the year 2018. For the first time since 1990, more than 100 orbital launches were performed globally.

Overview

Planetary exploration

The NASA InSight seismology probe was launched in May 2018 and landed on Mars in November. The Parker Solar Probe was launched to explore the Sun in August 2018, and reached its first perihelion in November, traveling faster than any prior spacecraft. On 20 October the ESA and JAXA launched BepiColombo to Mercury, on a 10-year mission featuring several flybys and eventually deploying two orbiters in 2025 for local study. The asteroid sampling mission Hayabusa2 reached its target Ryugu in June, and the similar OSIRIS-REx probe reached Bennu in December. China launched its Chang'e 4 lander/rover in December which performed the first ever soft landing on the far side of the Moon in January 2019; a communications relay was sent to the second Earth-Moon Lagrange point in May. The Google Lunar X Prize expired on 31 March without a winner for its $20 million grand prize, because none of its five finalist teams were able to launch a commercial lunar lander mission before the deadline.

Human spaceflight

The Soyuz MS-10 October mission to the International Space Station (ISS) was aborted shortly after launch, due to a separation failure of one of the rocket's side boosters. The crew landed safely, and was rescheduled for March 2019 on Soyuz MS-12. The United States returned to spaceflight on 13 December with the successful suborbital spaceflight of VSS Unity Flight VP-03. The flight did not reach the Kármán line (100 km) but it did cross the US definition of space (50 mi). As per United States convention, it was the first human spaceflight launched from the U.S. since the last Space shuttle flight STS-135 in 2011. Astronauts Mark P. Stucky and Frederick W. Sturckow both received their FAA Commercial Astronaut Wings on 7 February 2019. The return of the United States to human orbital spaceflight was further delayed to 2019, as Boeing and SpaceX, under NASA supervision, performed further tests on their commercial crew spacecraft under development: Starliner on Atlas V and SpaceX Dragon 2 on Falcon 9.

Rocket innovation

After a failed launch in 2017, the Electron rocket reached orbit with its second flight in January; manufactured by Rocket Lab, it is the first orbital rocket equipped with electric pump-fed engines. On 3 February, the Japanese SS-520-5 rocket (a modified sounding rocket) successfully delivered a 3U CubeSat to orbit, thus becoming the lightest and smallest orbital launch vehicle ever. On 6 February, SpaceX performed the much-delayed test flight of Falcon Heavy, carrying a car and a mannequin to a heliocentric orbit beyond Mars. Falcon Heavy became the most powerful active rocket until the maiden launch of the Space Launch System in 2022. On 27 October, LandSpace launched Zhuque-1, the first privately developed rocket in China; it failed to reach orbit. The company later announced that it would not repeat the launch attempt and shift its focus to the Zhuque-2 launch vehicle, making this the only launch attempt of Zhuque-1. On 13 December Virgin Galactic's SpaceShipTwo reached 82.7 km, below the internationally recognized Kármán line but above the 50-mile definition of space used by the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration.

Accelerating activity

The global activity of the launch industry grew significantly in 2018. 114 launches were conducted over the full year, compared with 91 in 2017, a 25% increase. Only three missions failed fully or partially in 2018, compared with eight failures in 2017. In August, China surpassed its previous record of 22 launches in 2016, and ended the year with a total 39 launches, also more launches than any other country in 2018. The 100th orbital launch of the year occurred on 3 December, exceeding all yearly tallies since the end of the Cold War space race in 1991.

Orbital and suborbital launches

Main article: List of spaceflight launches in January–June 2018, List of spaceflight launches in July–December 2018

::data[format=table title="List of orbital launches"] | Month | Num. of successes | Num. of failures | Total || || 2 | |---|---|---|---| | January | 13 | 0 | | | February | 8 | 0 | | | March | 10 | 0 | | | April | 9 | 0 | | | May | 7 | 0 | | | June | 8 | 0 | | | July | 8 | 0 | | | August | 4 | 0 | | | September | 8 | 0 | | | October | 11 | 2 | | | November | 13 | 0 | | | December | 15 | 0 | | ::

Deep-space rendezvous

::data[format=table]

Date (GMT)	Spacecraft	Event	Remarks
7 February	Juno	11th perijove of Jupiter
1 April	Juno	12th perijove
17 May	TESS	Gravity assist by the Moon	Closest approach: 8100 km
24 May	Juno	13th perijove
25 May	Queqiao	Moon flyby	In Earth–Moon L2 halo orbit
25 May	Longjiang-1	Moon flyby	url=https://gbtimes.com/change-4-lunar-microsatellite-may-be-lost-queqiao-continues-toward-lagrange-point-beyond-moon
25 May	Longjiang-2	Injection into Selenocentric orbit	user=planet4589
27 June	Hayabusa2	Arrival at asteroid Ryugu
16 July	Juno	14th perijove
7 September	Juno	15th perijove
nowrap	21 September	HIBOU (ROVER-1A)	Landing on Ryugu
21 September	OWL (ROVER-1B)	Landing on Ryugu
3 October	MASCOT	Landing on Ryugu
3 October	nowrap	Parker Solar Probe	nowrap
29 October	Juno	16th perijove
6 November	Parker Solar Probe	First perihelion	Occurred at 03:28 UTC, a distance of 25 million km from the Sun. New record for the fastest spacecraft (95 km/s).
nowrap	26 November	InSight	Arrival at Mars
26 November	MarCO A, B	Mars flyby	Data relays for InSight lander
3 December	OSIRIS-REx	Arrival at asteroid Bennu	Approach phase operations began on 17 August
12 December	Chang'e 4	Injection into Selenocentric orbit	Preliminary orbit 100 × 400 km, en route to a landing attempt on the Lunar farside
21 December	Juno	17th perijove
::

Extravehicular activities (EVAs)

::data[format=table]

Start date/time	Duration	End time
23 January
11:49	7 hours
24 minutes	19:13	Expedition 54
ISS Quest	{{plainlist
2 February
15:34	8 hours
13 minutes	23:47	Expedition 54
ISS Pirs	{{plainlist
16 February
12:00	5 hours
57 minutes	17:57	Expedition 54
ISS Quest	{{plainlist
29 March
13:33	6 hours
10 minutes	19:43	Expedition 55
ISS Quest	{{plainlist
16 May
11:39	6 hours
31 minutes	18:10	Expedition 55
ISS Quest	{{plainlist
14 June
08:06	6 hours
14:55	Expedition 56
ISS Quest	{{plainlist
15 August
16:17	7 hours
46 minutes	00:03 on 16 August	Expedition 56
ISS Pirs	{{plainlist
nowrap	11 December
15:59	7 hours
45 minutes	21:44	Expedition 57
ISS Pirs	{{plainlist
::

Space debris events

::data[format=table]

Date/Time (UTC)	Pieces tracked	Remarks
31 August	Centaur upper stage	Unknown
22 December
07:12	Orbcomm
OG1 FM 16	Satellite breakup
::

Orbital launch statistics

By country

For the purposes of this section, the yearly tally of orbital launches by country assigns each flight to the country of origin of the rocket, not to the launch services provider or the spaceport. As examples, Soyuz launches by Arianespace in Kourou are counted under Russia because Soyuz-2 is a Russian rocket.

| radius = 120 | legend = false | thumb = left

::data[format=table] | Country | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial failures | || style="text-align:left;" | | || style="text-align:left;" | | || style="text-align:left;" | | || style="text-align:left;" | | || style="text-align:left;" | | || style="text-align:left;" | | || style="text-align:left;" | | || style="text-align:left;" | | World || || || || | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | 39 | 38 | 1 | 0 | | | | | | | | | | | | 6 | 5 | 0 | 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | 7 | 7 | 0 | 0 | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | | | | | | | | | | | | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | | | | | | | | | | | | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | | | | | | | | | | | | 20 | 19 | 1 | 0 | | | | | | | | | | | | 31 | 31 | 0 | 0 | | | | | | | | | | | ::

By rocket

| float = center | width = 990 | height = 480 | stack = 1 | group 1 = 2:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 | group 2 = 0: 6:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 | group 3 = 0:0: 5:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 | group 4 = 0:0:0: 1:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 | group 5 = 0:0:0: 1:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 | group 6 = 0:0:0: 1:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 | group 7 = 0:0:0:0: 3:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 | group 8 = 0:0:0:0:0: 9:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 | group 9 = 0:0:0:0:0:11:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 | group 10 = 0:0:0:0:0: 1:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 | group 11 = 0:0:0:0:0:0: 2:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 | group 12 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 3:0:0:0:0:0:0 | group 13 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 1:0:0:0:0:0:0 | group 14 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:14:0:0:0:0:0 | group 15 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:14:0:0:0:0:0 | group 16 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 6:0:0:0:0:0 | group 17 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 3:0:0:0:0:0 | group 18 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 4:0:0:0:0 | group 19 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 5:0:0:0 | group 20 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 9:0:0:0 | group 21 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 2:0:0:0 | group 22 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 2:0:0 | group 23 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 2:0:0 | group 24 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 2:0 | group 25 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 5 | colors = DarkTurquoise : MediumBlue : Goldenrod : SteelBlue : LightSteelBlue : DarkBlue : Black : Teal : LightSeaGreen : DarkGreen : SandyBrown : Olive : DarkKhaki : FireBrick : IndianRed : Salmon : Sienna : Gold : DarkGrey : Chocolate : CornflowerBlue : Tan : Wheat : SkyBlue : LightGrey | group names = Antares 200 : Ariane 5 : Atlas V : Delta II : Delta IV : Delta IV Heavy : Electron : Falcon 9 new : Falcon 9 reused : Falcon Heavy : GSLV Mk II : H-IIA : H-IIB : Long March 2 : Long March 3 : Long March 4 : Long March 11 : PSLV : Soyuz-FG : Soyuz-2 (Russia) : Soyuz-ST (Europe) : Proton-M : Rokot : Vega : Others | x legends = Antares : Ariane : Atlas : Delta : Electron : Falcon : GSLV : H-II : Long March : PSLV : R-7 : UR : Vega : Others | units suffix = _launches

By family

::data[format=table]

Family	Launches	Successes	Failures	Partial failures	Remarks
Antares	2	2	0	0
Ariane	6	5	0	1
Atlas	5	5	0	0
Delta	3	3	0	0
Electron	3	3	0	0
Epsilon	1	1	0	0
Falcon	21	21	0	0
GSLV	2	2	0	0
GSLV Mk III	1	1	0	0
H-II	4	4	0	0
Kuaizhou	1	1	0	0
Long March	37	37	0	0
PSLV	4	4	0	0
R-7	16	15	1	0
S-Series	1	1	0	0	Final orbital flight
Universal Rocket	4	4	0	0
Vega	2	2	0	0
Zhuque	1	0	1	0	Maiden flight
::

By type

::data[format=table]

Rocket	Family	Launches	Successes	Failures	Partial failures	Remarks
Antares 200	Antares	2	2	0	0
Ariane 5	Ariane	6	5	0	1
Atlas V	Atlas	5	5	0	0
Delta II	Delta	1	1	0	0	Final flight
Delta IV	Delta	2	2	0	0
Electron	Electron	3	3	0	0
Epsilon	Epsilon	1	1	0	0
Falcon 9	Falcon	21	21	0	0
GSLV	GSLV	2	2	0	0
GSLV Mk III	GSLV Mk III	1	1	0	0
H-IIA	H-II	3	3	0	0
H-IIB	H-II	1	1	0	0
Kuaizhou 1	Kuaizhou	1	1	0	0
Long March 2	Long March	14	14	0	0
Long March 3	Long March	14	14	0	0
Long March 4	Long March	6	6	0	0
Long March 11	Long March	3	3	0	0
Proton	Universal Rocket	2	2	0	0
PSLV	PSLV	4	4	0	0
Soyuz	R-7	5	4	1	0
Soyuz-2 or ST	R-7	11	11	0	0
SS-520	S-Series	1	1	0	0	Final orbital flight
UR-100	Universal Rocket	2	2	0	0
Vega	Vega	2	2	0	0
Zhuque-1	Zhuque	1	0	1	0	Only flight
::

By configuration

::data[format=table]

Rocket	Type	Launches	Successes	Failures	Partial failures	Remarks
Antares 230	Antares 200	2	2	0	0
Ariane 5 ECA	Ariane 5	5	4	0	1
Ariane 5 ES	Ariane 5	1	1	0	0	Final flight
Atlas V 401	Atlas V	1	1	0	0
Atlas V 411	Atlas V	1	1	0	0
Atlas V 541	Atlas V	1	1	0	0
Atlas V 551	Atlas V	2	2	0	0
Delta II 7420	Delta II	1	1	0	0	Final flight
Delta IV Medium+ (5,2)	Delta IV	1	1	0	0	Final flight
Delta IV Heavy	Delta IV	1	1	0	0
Epsilon	Epsilon	1	1	0	0
Electron	Electron	3	3	0	0
Falcon 9 Full Thrust	Falcon 9	10	10	0	0	Final flight
Falcon 9 Block 5	Falcon 9	10	10	0	0	Maiden flight
Falcon Heavy	Falcon 9	1	1	0	0	Maiden flight
GSLV Mk II	GSLV	2	2	0	0
GSLV Mk III	GSLV Mk III	1	1	0	0
H-IIA 202	H-IIA	3	3	0	0
H-IIA 204	H-IIA	0	0	0	0
H-IIB	H-IIB	1	1	0	0
Kuaizhou 1A	Kuaizhou	1	1	0	0
Long March 2C	Long March 2	6	6	0	0
Long March 2D	Long March 2	8	8	0	0
Long March 3A	Long March 3	2	2	0	0
Long March 3B/E	Long March 3	3	3	0	0
Long March 3B/E / YZ-1	Long March 3	8	8	0	0
Long March 3C/E	Long March 3	1	1	0	0
Long March 4B	Long March 4	2	2	0	0
Long March 4C	Long March 4	4	4	0	0
Long March 11	Long March 11	3	3	0	0
Proton-M / Briz-M	Proton	2	2	0	0
PSLV-CA	PSLV	2	2	0	0
PLSV-XL	PSLV	2	2	0	0
Rokot / Briz-KM	UR-100	2	2	0	0
Soyuz-FG	Soyuz	5	4	1	0
Soyuz-2.1a or ST-A	Soyuz-2	2	2	0	0
Soyuz-2.1a or ST-A / Fregat-M	Soyuz-2	2	2	0	0
Soyuz-2.1b or ST-B	Soyuz-2	1	1	0	0
Soyuz-2.1b or ST-B / Fregat-M	Soyuz-2	4	4	0	0
Soyuz-2.1b or ST-B / Fregat-MT	Soyuz-2	1	1	0	0
Soyuz-2-1v / Volga	Soyuz-2	1	1	0	0
SS-520-5	SS-520	1	1	0	0	Final orbital flight
Vega	Vega	2	2	0	0
Zhuque-1	Zhuque-1	1	0	1	0	Only flight
::

By spaceport

::data[format=table] | Site | Country | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial failures | Remarks | Total ||114 ||110 || 3 || 1 || | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | Baikonur | | 9 | 8 | 1 | 0 | | | | Cape Canaveral | | 17 | 16 | 1 | 0 | | | | Jiuquan | | 16 | 15 | 1 | 0 | | | | Kennedy | | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | | | | Kourou | | 11 | 10 | 0 | 1 | | | | Mahia | | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | | | | MARS | | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | | | | Plesetsk | | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | | | | Satish Dhawan | | 7 | 7 | 0 | 0 | | | | Taiyuan | | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | | | | Tanegashima | | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | | | | Uchinoura | | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | | | | Vandenberg | | 9 | 9 | 0 | 0 | | | | Vostochny | | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | | | | Xichang | | 17 | 17 | 0 | 0 | | | ::

By orbit

::data[format=table] | Orbital regime | Launches | Achieved | Not achieved | Accidentally achieved | Remarks | Total || 114 || 110 || 3 || 1 || | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | Transatmospheric | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | | | Low Earth / Sun-synchronous | 67 | 64 | 3 | 0 | Zuma, Soyuz MS-10 and Zhuque-1 lost | | | Geosynchronous / GTO | 27 | 26 | 0 | 1 | Ariane VA241 underperformed | | | Medium Earth | 13 | 13 | 0 | 0 | | | | High Earth / Lunar transfer | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | | | | Heliocentric / Planetary transfer | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | | | ::

References

Notes Citations

References

Clark, Stephen. (28 June 2018). "Japanese spacecraft reaches asteroid after three-and-a-half-year journey". Spaceflight Now.
Davenport, Justin. (3 December 2018). "OSIRIS-REx Arrives at Asteroid Bennu". [[NASASpaceFlight.com]].
Lyons, Kate. "Chang'e 4 landing: China probe makes historic touchdown on far side of the moon". The Guardian.
"China successfully lands Chang'e-4 on far side of Moon".
(23 January 2018). "Google Lunar X Prize to end without winner - SpaceNews.com".
(4 December 2018). "NASA Astronaut Nick Hague Set for New Space Station Mission After Abort".
(5 August 2018). "Astronauts chosen for SpaceX, Boeing capsule flights in 2019". [[Gannett]].
(14 April 2015). "A 3D-Printed, Battery-Powered Rocket Engine". Popular Science.
(3 February 2018). "Japanese sounding rocket claims record-breaking orbital launch – NASASpaceFlight.com".
Gebhardt, Chris. (5 February 2018). "SpaceX successfully debuts Falcon Heavy in demonstration launch from KSC". NASASpaceflight.
Joe Pappalardo. (5 February 2018). "Elon Musk's Space Tesla Isn't Going to Mars. It's Going Somewhere More Important.".
"SpaceX Falcon Heavy: How the biggest rockets in history stack up". CNNMoney.
Barbosa, Rui C.. (27 October 2018). "Chinese commercial provider LandSpace launches Weilai-1 on a Zhuque-1 rockets – fails to make orbit". [[NASASpaceFlight.com]].
Jones, Andrew. (12 July 2023). "China's Landspace reaches orbit with methane-powered Zhuque-2 rocket".
Clyde Hughes. (13 December 2018). "Virgin Galactic reaches edge of space in historic flight". UPI.
Christian Davenport. (19 November 2018). "Virgin Galactic's quest for space". Washington Post.
Gebhardt, Chris. (3 December 2018). "100th orbital launch of 2018: International trio launch to Space Station". [[NASASpaceFlight.com]].
Jones, Andrew. (1 June 2018). "Queqiao Chang'e-4 satellite performs Moon flyby, makes successful braking manoeuvre". [[GBTimes]].
Jones, Andrew. (28 May 2018). "Chang'e-4: Lunar microsatellite may be lost, Queqiao continues toward Lagrange point beyond Moon". [[GBTimes]].
(27 May 2018). "So it looks like Longjiang-2 (DSLWP-B) is in a 350 x 13800 km x 21 deg lunar orbit. Longjiang-1 seems to have failed on May 21 and presumably remains in distant Earth orbit following its lunar flyby".
Genhardt, Chris. (26 November 2018). "NASA, international InSight mission nail PERFECT landing on Mars". [[NASASpaceFlight.com]].
Jones, Andrew. (12 December 2018). "Chang'e-4 has just successfully entered a 100 x 400km lunar orbit, achieved at 08:39 UTC (16:39 Beijing time), following a four-and-a-half day voyage to Moon".
Harwood, William. (14 June 2018). "Station astronauts install new cameras on successful spacewalk". Spaceflight Now.
Clark, Stephen. (August 15, 2018). "Spacewalkers toss nanosatellites into orbit, hook up bird migration monitor". Spaceflight Now.
Bergin, Chris. (11 December 2018). "Russian EVA examines hole repair area on Soyuz MS-09". [[NASASpaceFlight.com]].
(2019-01-01). "#18SPCS confirmed breakup of ORBCOMM OG1 sat FM 16, #25417, on 22 Dec @ 0712 UTC - tracking 34 pieces - no indication caused by collision.".
Krebs, Gunter. "NROL launches". Gunter's Space Page.
Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-2 (Chang Zheng-2)". Gunter's Space Page.
Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-3 (Chang Zheng-3)". Gunter's Space Page.
Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-4 (Chang Zheng-4)". Gunter's Space Page.
Pietrobon, Steven. (19 December 2018). "Chinese Launch Manifest".
Pietrobon, Steven. (9 November 2018). "Ariane Launch Manifest".
Pietrobon, Steven. (29 November 2018). "Indian Launch Manifest".
Pietrobon, Steven. (28 November 2018). "Russian Launch Manifest".
Pietrobon, Steven. (29 November 2018). "United States Commercial LV Launch Manifest".
Pietrobon, Steven. (9 December 2018). "United States Military Manifest".
Clark, Stephen. (19 December 2018). "Launch schedule". Spaceflight Now.
Cooper, Ben. (19 December 2018). "Rocket Launch Viewing Guide for Cape Canaveral".
Krebs, Gunter. (15 February 2018). "Orbital Launches of 2018". Gunter's Space Page.
Krebs, Gunter. "Ariane-5ECA". Gunter's Space Page.
Krebs, Gunter. "Atlas-5". Gunter's Space Page.

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