1241

---

title: "1241" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["1241"] topic_path: "general/1241" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1241" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::callout[type=note] 1241 ::

Year 1241 (MCCXLI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. ::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Gregory_IX.jpg" caption="[[Pope Gregory IX"] ::

Events

• March 18 – Battle of Chmielnik (Mongol invasion of Poland): The Mongols overwhelm the feudal Polish armies of Sandomierz and Kraków provinces, and plunder the abandoned city of Kraków.
• April 9 – Battle of Legnica: The Mongols, under the command of Baidar, Kadan and Orda Khan, defeat the feudal Polish nobility, including the Knights Templar.
• April 11 – Battle of Mohi: Batu Khan and Subutai defeat Béla IV of Hungary. The battle is the last major event in the Mongol Invasion of Europe.
• May – Battle of Giglio: an Imperial fleet defeats a Genoan fleet in the Tyrrhenian Sea.
• May 10 – Battle of Cameirge in Ulster: The Milesian Irish septs of the Ó Dónaills from Donegal, the Ó Néills from Armagh and the Ó Dochartaighs of Connacht defeat the last Tuatha Dé Danann sept, the Meic Lochlainn of Tír Eoghain and Inishowen under Domhnall mac Muirchertaigh Mac Lochlainn. From now on the Kings of Tír Eoghain will all be of the Ó Néill dynasty, Brian Ua Néill becoming sole ruler.
• Early northern summer – A succession crisis or other priorities results in the Mongols withdrawing behind their river barrier into Ukraine and the Russias, leaving Central Asian and far Eastern Europe peoples tributary to the Khanates, but leaving Poland and Hungary to begin recovery and reorganization.
• August 29 – After Henry III of England's invasion of Wales, the Treaty of Gwerneigron is signed by him and Dafydd ap Llywelyn, curbing the latter's authority and denying him royal title.
• September 23 – Snorri Sturluson, Icelandic saga writer, is murdered by Gissur Þorvaldsson, an emissary of King Haakon IV of Norway.
• December – Siege of Lahore (1241): The Mongols under Tair Bahadur besiege and sack the city of Lahore in the Delhi Sultanate.
• December 11 – Ögedei Khan dies after a drinking binge. His death halts the Mongol advance into Western Europe.
• Emperor Lizong of Song China accepts the Neo-Confucian teachings of the late Zhu Xi, including his commentary on the Four Books. This will have an impact upon the philosophical schools of surrounding countries as well, including Korea, Japan, and Vietnam.
• Livonian Crusade: The Estonian rebellion of 1237 is suppressed on Saaremaa Island, by the Livonian Order.
• The University of Valladolid is founded in Spain.

Births

• September 4 – King Alexander III of Scotland (d. 1286)
• Eleanor of Castile, queen of Edward I of England (d. 1290)
• Sophia of Denmark, queen consort of Sweden (d. 1286)

Deaths

• March 17 – Köten, Cuman chieftain
• March 28 – Valdemar II of Denmark (b. 1170)
• March 31 – Pousa, voivode of Transylvania
• April 9 – Duke Henry II of Poland
• April 11 (killed in the Battle of Mohi):
  • Andrew, son of Serafin, judge royal
  • Izsép Bő, Hungarian nobleman
  • Ugrin Csák (b. c. 1190)
  • Gregory (bishop of Győr)
  • Nicholas I Gutkeled, ban of Slavonia
  • James (bishop of Nyitra)
  • Dominic I Rátót, master of the treasury
  • Matthias Rátót, archbishop of Esztergom (b. c. 1206)
  • Raynald of Belleville, bishop of Transylvania
  • Denis Tomaj, palatine of Hungary
• June 24 – Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria
• August 10 – Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany (b. c. 1184), princess long gently imprisoned in England
• August 22 – Pope Gregory IX
• September 20 – Conrad II of Salzwedel, German nobleman and bishop
• September 23 – Snorri Sturluson, Icelandic historian, poet and politician (b. 1178)
• September 26 – Fujiwara no Teika, Japanese poet
• November 10 – Pope Celestine IV
• December 1 – Isabella of England, Holy Roman empress, spouse of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1214)
• Bernardo di Quintavalle, Italian follower of St. Francis of Assisi
• Mary, Countess of Blois (b. 1200)
• Nicholas Szák, Hungarian nobleman
• Buzád Hahót, Hungarian nobleman and Christian martyr
• Coloman of Galicia, Hungarian royalty, Prince (then King) of Halych, Duke of Slavonia (b. 1208)
• Ögedei Khan, 2nd Khagan of the Mongol Empire and successor to Genghis Khan (b. c. 1185)
• Baba Ishak, charismatic Turkman preacher (b. c. 1239)

References

References

1. Gabriel, Richard A.. (2006). "Genghis Khan's Greatest General: Subotai the Valiant". University of Oklahoma Press.
2. Kohn, George Childs. (2013). "Dictionary of Wars". Routledge.
3. Britannica Educational Publishing. (2011). "War on Land". Britannica Educational Publishing.
4. Jackson, Peter. (2014). "The Mongols and the West: 1221-1410". Routledge.
5. May, Timothy. (2016). "The Mongol Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia". ABC-CLIO.
6. Eggenberger, David. (2012). "An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1,560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present". Courier Corporation.
7. Stanton, Charles D.. (2015). "Medieval Maritime Warfare". Pen and Sword.
8. Whalen, Brett Edward. (2019). "The Two Powers: The Papacy, the Empire, and the Struggle for Sovereignty in the Thirteenth Century". University of Pennsylvania Press.
9. Keenan, Desmond. (2010). "Ireland 1170-1509, Society and History". Xlibris Corporation.
10. Cope, Tim. (2013). "On the Trail of Genghis Khan: An Epic Journey Through the Land of the Nomads". A&C Black.
11. Trawinski, Allan. (2017). "The Clash of Civilizations". Page Publishing Inc.
12. Stephenson, David. (2019). "Medieval Wales c.1050-1332: Centuries of Ambiguity". University of Wales Press.
13. Breverton, Terry. (2017). "Owen Tudor: Founding Father of the Tudor Dynasty". Amberley Publishing.
14. Ruud, Jay. (2006). "Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature". Facts on File.
15. Wanner, Kevin J.. (2008). "Snorri Sturluson and the Edda: The Conversion of Cultural Capital in Medieval Scandinavia". University of Toronto Press.
16. Murray, Julia K.. (2014). "Modern Chinese Religion I (2 vols): Song-Liao-Jin-Yuan (960-1368 AD)". BRILL.
17. Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland. (2003). "Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy". Routledge.
18. Miljan, Toivo. (2015). "Historical Dictionary of Estonia". Rowman & Littlefield.
19. (1998). "Dictionary of World Biography: The Middle Ages". Routledge.
20. "Universidad de Valladolid".
21. Robertson, E. William. (1862). "Scotland Under Her Early Kings: A History of the Kingdom to the Close of the 13th Century". Edmonston & Douglas.
22. Dalrymple, Sir David. (1819). "Annals of Scotland: From the Accession of Malcolm III in the Year MLVII to the Accession of the House of Stewart in the Year MCCCLXXI, to which are Added, Tracts Relative to the History and Antiquities of Scotland". A. Constable.
23. Cockerill, Sara. (2014). "Eleanor of Castile: The Shadow Queen". Amberley Publishing Limited.
24. (2011). "The Chronicle of Duke Erik: A Verse Epic from Medieval Sweden". Nordic Academic Press.
25. István Vásáry. (24 March 2005). "Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365". Cambridge University Press.
26. (2005). "Kings, Rulers, and Statesmen". Sterling Publishing Company, Inc..
27. Bain, R. Nisbet. (2013). "Scandinavia: A Political History of Denmark, Norway and Sweden from 1513 to 1900". Cambridge University Press.
28. Curta, Florin. (2006). "Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250". Cambridge University Press.
29. Sălăgean, Tudor. (2016). "Transylvania in the Second Half of the Thirteenth Century: The Rise of the Congregational System". BRILL.
30. Bretschneider, E.. (1876). "Notices of the Mediæval Geography and History of Central and Western Asia". Trübner & Company.
31. (1999). "Women Rulers Throughout the Ages: An Illustrated Guide". ABC-CLIO.
32. Grant, R. G.. (2017). "1001 Battles That Changed the Course of History". Chartwell Books.
33. Markó, László. (2006). "A magyar állam főméltóságai Szent Istvántól napjainkig: Életrajzi Lexikon ''[Great Officers of State in Hungary from King Saint Stephen to Our Days: A Biographical Encyclopedia]''". Helikon Kiadó.
34. Zsoldos, Attila. (2011). "Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1000–1301 ''[Secular Archontology of Hungary, 1000–1301]''". História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete.
35. B. Szabó, János. (2007). "A tatárjárás. A mongol hódítás és Magyarország ''[The Mongol Invasion of Hungary]''". Corvina.
36. Font, Marta. (2010). "The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology". Oxford University Press.
37. Vásáry, István. (2005). "Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365". Cambridge University Press.
38. (1999). "The Charters of Duchess Constance of Brittany and Her Family, 1171-1221". Boydell & Brewer.
39. Seabourne, Dr Gwen. (2013). "Imprisoning Medieval Women: The Non-Judicial Confinement and Abduction of Women in England, c.1170-1509". Ashgate Publishing, Ltd..
40. Rist, Rebecca. (2009). "The Papacy and Crusading in Europe, 1198-1245". Bloomsbury Publishing.
41. (2013). "Crusade and Christendom: Annotated Documents in Translation from Innocent III to the Fall of Acre, 1187-1291". University of Pennsylvania Press.
42. Hinz, Johannes. (1996). "Pommern: Wegweiser durch ein unvergessenes Land". Bechtermünz.
43. Mostow, Joshua S.. (1996). "Pictures of the Heart: The Hyakunin Isshu in Word and Image". University of Hawaii Press.
44. Vieillard-Baron, Michel. (2014). "Reading East Asian Writing: The Limits of Literary Theory". Routledge.
45. Ullmann, Walter. (2003). "A Short History of the Papacy in the Middle Ages". Routledge.
46. (2000). "A Handbook of Dates: For Students of British History". Cambridge University Press.
47. Panton, James. (2011). "Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy". Scarecrow Press.
48. Huffman, Joseph P.. (2000). "The Social Politics of Medieval Diplomacy: Anglo-German Relations (1066-1307)". University of Michigan Press.
49. Ruh, Kurt. (2002). "Storia della mistica occidentale". Vita e Pensiero.
50. Wispelwey, Berend. (2011). "Biographical Index of the Middle Ages". Walter de Gruyter.
51. Kerékgyártó, Árpád. (1858). "Magyarok életrajzai: Hajdankor 1600". Magyar Mihál.
52. (2019). "Coloman, King of Galicia and Duke of Slavonia (1208–1241): Medieval Central Europe and Hungarian Power". Amsterdam University Press.
53. Bauer, S. Wise. (2013). "The History of the Renaissance World: From the Rediscovery of Aristotle to the Conquest of Constantinople". W. W. Norton & Company.
54. Saunders, J. J.. (2001). "The History of the Mongol Conquests". University of Pennsylvania Press.
55. Heywood, Colin. (1999). "Frontiers in Question: Eurasian Borderlands, 700–1700". Macmillan International Higher Education.
56. Can, Sefik. (2009). "Fundamentals Of Rumis Thought". Tughra Books.

::callout[type=info title="Wikipedia Source"] This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page. ::